CT4 The Quandry of the Fallacy

A Brief Introduction to Ethics

Cialdini 1994: Persuasion: psychological insights and perspectives

metaethics
psychological issues

  • driving force behind actions
    • psychological egoism
    • psychological hedonism
    • psychological altruism
  • emotion and reason
    • which of the two motivates moral reasoning
    • emotive and prescriptive elements of moral statements
    • Kant's rational reasons for moral behaviour - categorical imperative

6 principles of Compliance

Reciprocity
reciprocal concessions:

  • Door-in-the-face
  • that's not all

Social Validation

  • number, similarity
  • list technique, social labeling technique

Commitment/Consistency

  • four walls technique
  • foot-in-the-door technique
  • bait-and-switch-procedure
  • lowball technique

Friendship/Liking

  • physical attractiveness
  • similarity
  • compliments (must not be true)
  • cooperation

Scarcity

  • limited number technique

Authority
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normative ethics

  • virtues
    • versus rules
  • consequences (teleological approach)
    • ethical egoism
    • ethical altruism
    • utilitarianism
  • rules (deontological theories = duty )
    • Putzendorf (duty to you, others, god)
    • right theory (Thomas Jefferson)
      • life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
    • Kant categorical imperative

applied ethics

A note on academic integrity

International Celebrity


Jean-Claude Juncker


European Commission
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Assignments

3

1

Discuss Passage about vegetarians

2

Identify the fallacy

A

B

C

Red Herring

3

Evaluating arguments
In the next assignments you will be making an argument map for a complex argument, followed by an evaluation of the argument’s cogency using the ARG method as explained above:

3A

traffic came to be left-handed

horses stood on the left side of the road,
when being mounted

mounting was done from the left side of the horse

sheath was worn on left side of body

the swords was handled with the right hand

shields were handled with the left hand

the heart is on the left side

people wanna protect their heart in battle

a shield handled with the left
protects the heart

you handle a sword and a shield in battle

drawing a swords with the right hand is easier when the sheath is on the left side of the body

mounting, when wearing a sheath on the left side of the body is easier when you're mounting from the left side of the horse

mounting from the left side of the horse without obstructing traffic is possible when the horse is standing on the left side of the road

3C

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an element of discipline and authority must exist

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discipline and authority ensure that freedom will be a matter of degree

one who advocates freedom in education cannot mean the children should do exactly as they please all day

anybody who advocates freedom in education would not argue for something that is clearly harmful

freedom in education must be a matter of degree

the same reasoning that would lead us to conclude that freedom in other things ought to be a matter of degree applies to education, too

freedoms in other things must be a matter of degree

if some actions that belong to a group of things cannot be tolerated, that group in general must be regulated

some freedoms in other things cannot be tolerated

if children will not be limited in their freedoms, they will do harmful things to themselves,

  • such as swallowing a pin
  • drink poison from a medicine bottle
  • fall out of an upper window

we don't want body to go unwashed, overeat, smoke till they are sick, or catch chills

boys will go unwashed, overeat,
smoke till they are sick, catch chills from sitting in wet feet

if children will not be limited in their freedoms,
they will plague elderly gentlemen for fun

we don't want harm for our children

we don't want elderly gentlemen to be plagued

evaluating arguments

  • ARG method

people don't want to obstruct traffic when they mount a horse

people don't handle a sword and a shield with the same hand