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Bickman and Rog (All respondents should understand the kind of answer that…
Bickman and Rog
All respondents should understand the kind of answer that constitutes an adequate answer to a question.
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Focus Group Discussions
Useful to examine how the research tool may function and discussion about how well it suits what is wanted
Do the words or descriptions proposed in the questions convey consistent meaning, so that respondents have a common understanding of what question they are to answer?
However, intensive individual interviews and field pre- tests are necessary to examine some aspects of survey questions that cannot be addressed in a focus group discussion.
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Field Pretesting
One of the most promising techniques to improve questions is the systematic coding of interviewer and respondent behaviour during the pretest interview.
The more often a question needs to be re-read or clarified, the worse it is esentially.
When a survey instrument is in near final form, experienced interviewers conduct 15 to 35 interviews with people similar to those who will be respondents in the planned survey.
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One of the most common abuses of survey measurement is treating data
collected using measures of subjective states, which are designed to produce
ordinal measures, as if they had produced data with absolute meaning
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"Most people support the president," these statements
should be viewed askance. All that happened in any of these cases was that a ltiii majority of respondents picked response alternatives to a particular question
that the researcher chose to interpret as favorable or positive.
Clarification of a question to one person and not another effects validity and kind of changes the question.
To the extent possible, choose the words in questions so that all respondents understand their meaning and all respondents have the same sense of what the meaning is.
If definitions are to be given, give them before the question itself is asked.