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Cell signaling (Function (Organism development, Tissue and organ…

- - - - Hormones (blood stream, long distance for many cell types)
      - Growth factors & cytokines ( specific cells types)
        
        Function
        
        Induce or suppress proliferation or differentiation depending on signal pathway
      - Cell adhesion receptors
        
        Function
        
        Cell contact and integrity of tissue(recognized by neighboring cells)
        
        Nutrients, ions, pathogens, mechanical pressure
    - - Signal translocation by Secondary messenger (Intercellular signaling)
        
        Changes in cell behavior (ion transport, mitochondria, membrane permeability)
        
        Triggers transcription of gene
      - Induction of transcription
        
        Steroid hormone, enter nucleus
        
        binds to complementary receptor, forming hormone receptor complex (phosphorylation)
        
        Binds to DNA, transcription (mRNA)
        
        New protein of mRNA translation
      - Modification of protein (hormone)
        
        Inactive G-protein ➜ active
        
        Activate effector( by adenylate cyclase enzyme)
        
        Secondary messenger
        
        Actives kinase protein
        
        Triggers response
      - Release of Ca+
        
        Inactive G-protein ➜ active
        
        Activate effector( by Phospholipase enzyme )
        
        Secondary messenger
        
        ER
        
        3rd messenger
        
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    - - Ion channels coupled (activated by signaling molecule )
        
        Changes membrane potenial➜weak electrical current of chemical signals. In electricaly excitable cells, nervous and muscle
      - g-protein couple (activated by GTP), in all cell type
        
        Mediate response to extracellular signals (hormones, local transmitters, local mediators)
        
        Used in development of drugs
        
        Targeted by anticancer drugs
        
        Some regulate ion channels, some activate membrane bound enzymes
        
        adenylate cyclase → ATP to cyclic AMP
        phospholipase C → Inositol
        triphosphate (Ip3) and diacylglycerol (DAG) all for activation of enzymes or gene expression
        
        https://i.gyazo.com/47aec64b5b0cb8f4013d459b7801b355.png https://i.gyazo.com/e0db76b5bd0c7b3db6cd15ca1d7dfe5b.png
        
        acetylcholine for ions channel
      - Enzyme couple (cleaved by enzymes)
        
        Have their own enzymatic activity, eg receptor tyrosine kinases or activate other enzymes ➜activate other intracellular signalling pathways
        
        Important in response to growth factors
        
        Specific signaling pathway depending on growth factor
        
        Mitogenic signalling
        
        Epithelial growth factor
        
        Vascular endothelial growth factor
        
        Fibroblast growth factor
        
        Interleukins growth factor
        
        Mutation
        
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        Cell cycle regulation #
        
        Apoptosis regulation
        
        Extrinsic (outer), Intrinsic (inner)
        
        Embryonic development
        
        Growth factor and morphagens
        
        Cell differentiation (Cells of a organism has same gene, their differentiation is cause of expression of different genes )
        
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        Signal failing(mutation in receptors, second messengers, transcriptionfactor)
        
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        Regulation of DNA repair
        
        Receptor tyrosine kinases
        
        Inactive RTK gets stimulated by signal molecule undergoes phosphorylation and becomes active ,then activates proteins and sends signal in cell
        
        Some activate phospholipase c and mostly activate ras proteins
        
        Active ras proteins promotes phosphrylation of other proteins cascades (map protein cascade), trigger mitogenic signaling to growth factors leading to mitosis
        
        Their target gene stimulates cell division, differentiation or cell survival
        
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  - - - Signals molecules that are able to cross membranes ➜ cytoplasm and organelles (no surface receptor needed), usually hormones, vitamin A,D
      - Gases can pass across and directly regulate proteins
        
        Nitric oxide (NO)
        
        Smooth muscle relaxation ➜ more blood volume ➜ less blood pressure (vessel dialation), less workload for heart