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Challenges of the Urban World (Urbanisation (Population Figures (Burundi…
Challenges of the Urban World
Urbanisation
Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas (towns and cities)
Urbanisation is drastically increasing throughout the world
Population Figures
Burundi
11% urbanised
Singapore
100% urbanised
Sub-Saharan Africa
36% urbanised
Developed world
78% urbanised
Developing world
46% urbanised
The increase in urbanisation is most dramatic throughout the urbanising world
Cities are still developing very fast, even in the developed world
Cities such as Los Angeles and New York attract migrants as there are many job opportunities there
In Europe and North America counter-urbanisation is taking place. This is where people migrate out of cities to live in rural areas
This is one reason why urbanisation has slowed
Urban Challenges
Most people living in developed cities have a high quality of life, but at a much higher resource consumption rate.
Mumbai, India
Income per person = $1900
Life expectancy = 68
Cars per 1000 people = 36
Litres/water per person/day = 90
New York City, USA
Income per person = $56,000
Life expectancy 78
Cars per 1000 people = 209
Litres/water per person/day - 600
Population Growth
Rural-urban migration
People in rural areas migrate to cities to seek better opportunities, especially jobs. People will often move to cities with certain 'pull factors' and avoid 'push factors'
Internal Growth
Population rises due to the high birth rate in the city
Rural-urban migration and internal growth are linked. When migrants arrive in a city they often start a family, which pushes up the birth rate
In developing world cities, about 60% of urban growth results from internal growth and about 40% from rural-urban migration
Megacities
Megacities are developing very fast in the modern world
Populations can grow past 10 million in a single city
The largest Megacity to this day is Tokyo, housing more than 36 million people and covering 35,000 square kilometres
This equates to the same population as Canada and a similar areas to Switzerland
Megacities can be defined as sprawling conurbations where cities have merged with surrounding towns, creating vast areas of urban landuse
In 1975, there were only three cities with more than 10 million people
By 2010, there were 27 such cities and there are expected to be over 35 by 2030, with a total population of over 400 million
Most Megacities are in the developing world and most growth is occurring there
Developed cities
7 Megacities
0.6% Annual population growth
Developing Asia
14 Megacities
2.8% Annual population growth
Africa
2 Megacities
2.9% Annual population growth
Latin America
4 Megacities
1.4% Annual population growth
Megacities are too urbanised to produce their own food, so they need to import it (using energy)
Due to the massive areas Megacities take up, transport takes up enormous amounts of energy
There are approximately 130 micrograms of air pollution per meter squared. This is more than six times the recommended health limit.