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1945-69 (Effects of 'Termination' and urbanisation (Many Native…

- - - - Instead, Native Americans would now be recognised as independent, self-supporting Americans
        
        They would be subject to the same laws and given the same rights as other American citizens
  - - - Termination was introduced because the government realised that previous policies had failed to bring about assimilation
        
        And because Native American lands were wanted by mining and forestry companies (economic factors)
  - - - The program actually aimed to lure Native Americans away from the reservations
        
        It must have seemed like an attractive package
        
        The opportunities of city life appeared much better than the harsh realities of reservation life
      - The program offered support for relocation, help in securing jobs and living expenses until families found work and houses
      - The 1956 Indian Vocational Training Act intended to improve the employment prospects of Native Americans by providing work-based training
        
        Training was provided with federal funding
  - - - It was seen as too slow to act because it was bound up with complex regulations
  - - - Termination was effectively a policy of urbanisation
- - - - Many finished up in the worst accommodation
        
        And poorly paid jobs (if they could find one)
      - By 1960 around 25% of urban Native Americans were 'poor' and their accommodation was unable to support any extended family
        
        As a result, many elderly people were forced to return to the reservations
        
        Where conditions had declined even further
  - - - Life expectancy, at 44, was some 20 years below the national average
        
        In a message to Congress in 1968, President Johnson set out a programme to promote Indian self-help and respect
  - - - But the New Deal funding projects had been cut so conditions were worse than they had been in the cities
  - - - Particularly after they witnessed the impact of the civil rights movement and began to develop their own groups