Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
What are the most important philosophers and their ideas? (Aristotle…
What are the most important philosophers and their ideas?
Plato
Theory of forms
Empirical world = inferior manifestation of pure forms
Ideas existing regardless of the empirical world
2 worlds: world of
pure forms
(= ideas existing in the abstract world and that are perfect -->
idealism
= truth is ideas) and
physical world
(=empirical world)
matter interacting with senses and less perfect than ideas. --> Knowledge through reason =
rationalism
Allegory of the cave
allegory representing how people confuse world of appearence with real world(pure forms)
Men living in a cave thinking the real world composed by shadows, discovers true world
The divided line
reality divided into 2 realms:
material
(= material world) and
trascendent
realms (=world of ideas). Higher knowledge in trascendent
material realm --> imagining and belief. true knowledge not attainable.
trascendent realm --> thinking and intelligence of knowledge
The good and the forms of the good
(= objects of intelligence of knowledge) highest parts of knowledge. for connecting all forms.
Reminescence theory
sensory experience reminding of knowledge already present in soul but forgot because of body
soul immortal =
nativism
body and mind independent =
dualism
Nature of the soul
soul in three parts:
rational
(immortal),
courageous
(mortal),
appetitive
(needs)
Rational part should dominate
Aristotle
senses can be trusted and knowledge from observation =
empiricist
-->
inductive reasoning
(= from specific to general)
Rationalist
studying nature and believing in one world
causation
1.
Material cause
(=material of thing)
Formal cause
(=form of thing)
3.
Efficient cause
(=by whom thing made)
4.
Final cause
(=purpose of thing)
Teleology
=everything has a purpose.
Entelechy
= built-in purpose
Hierarchy of soul
Vegetative soul
= one of plants
Sensitive soul
--> of animals
Rational soul
--> of humans
sensation
common sense
=mechanism coordinating information from senses
passive reason
=using experience for everyday life
active reason
=abstraction
memory and recall
Recall
=mental search of past experience
Laws of association
=laws about how we learn
remembering
=spontaneous recollection of past experience
Descartes
Intuition
= process to get to clear and distinct idea
interactionist
= body and mind interact -->
phenomenologist
=studying structure of consciousness. Body physical, mind not. Point of interaction = pineal gland
senses can be trusted but info must be
clear
(=represented clearly in consciousness) and
distinct
(=unquestionable and not divisible for further analysis)
Reflexes in body like machine ->
determinism
= everything predetermined and outcomes can be predicted.
Innate ideas
=ideas already present in us-->
nativism
=we have innate ideas
Mathematical knowledge most important
Doubt existing but sure about
Cogito ergo sum
= I think therefore I am-->
rationalism
Locke
Empiricist
and innate ideas not existing =
tabula rasa
ideas from sensation or reflection of sensory stimuli
operations of mind innate -->partially a
nativist
= knowledge innate
Simple ideas
=cannot be divided further.
Complex ideas
=composed by simple ones.
Qualities
= objects making you produce ideas.
Primary qualities
=ideas about physical objects.
Secondary qualities
=ideas not corresponding to any physical object.
Associationism
=association is the principle of life
Feelings of pain and pleasure both in simple and complex ideas and forming together love, hatred,etc..
Hume
Experience from
impressions
= strong perceptions.
Ideas
= weak perceptions
same distinction of complex and simple ideas as in Locke. Imagination to rearrange ideas.
Laws of association
to connect ideas (resemblance, contiguity, cause and effect).
Doing
experiments
=observations of experience and behavior. Empiricist.
Analysis of causation
= causation inferable just when observed consistently. Then can make predictions -->
determinism
mind = cognitive processes -->
reductionism
= complex phenomena explained just by analyzing simple ones
everyone with passions but to different degrees --> respond differently