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TASK #1 (My Argument (Inequality During the Sentencing Process (“……
TASK #1
My Argument
Demographic Factors
“… the poor faring of blacks in the criminal justice system is largely attributable to possible class bias and lack of resources” (Yates 1008).
This also applies to low-education men, therefore, giving them “the disproportionate attention of authorities, either in the way criminal law is written or applied by police and the courts” (Pettit and Western 153).
“the poor are perceived as threatening to social order by criminal justice officials” (Pettit and Western 153).
“Specifically, it has been shown that the children of incarcerated parents tend to display increased levels of behaviour issues, including aggressive behaviour, a predictor of criminality in later life” (Lum et al. 2).
Warde concluded that some of the factors that directly contribute to the inequality are “war on drug policies and accompanying law enforcement actions that disproportionately target young black men from economically disadvantaged urban communities” (461).
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more Statistics
“the disproportionate representation of women of color in jails and prisons, lifetime risks per 1000 women are 5 for Whites, 15 for Latinas, and 36 for Blacks. In other words, a Black woman is more than 7 times as likely as a White woman to spend time behind bars” (Freudenberg 1895).
women of color “have higher rates of (1) recent and chronic substance use problems (2) HIV/AIDS, hepatitis C, and other sexually transmitted diseases and (3) mental health problems” (Freudenberg 1896).
“exponential growth in the incarceration rates for black men … has been at approximately 20.5 % annually since 1986, whereas whites and Hispanics have experienced 12 and 16 % annual increase” (Harrison and Beck qtd. in Warde).
Introduction
Thesis:
Racial disparities in the U.S. incarceration system are caused by multiple factors including demographic differences and inequality within the sentencing process.
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Alternative Perspectives
Racial disparities within the incarceration system are caused by the individual doings of minority groups.
Khalil Gibran Muhammad: “northem black crime statistics and migration trends in the 1890s, 1900s, and 1910s were woven together into a cautionary tale about the exceptional threat black people posed to modem society” (Muhammad qtd. in Smith).
“Professor Ian Haney Lopez critiques claims that massive racial disparities in criminal sentencing are ‘not racism’” (Gee 232).
the consideration of criminal history, espe-
cially its discretionary extra-guideline role, itself disadvantages black male
defendants.
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