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Periodic Properties (Ionization Energy (Loose e-, Positive, Form cations,…
Periodic Properties
Ionization Energy
Loose e-
Positive
Form cations
Nuclear charge
Electron Affinity
Gain e-
Negative
Form anions
Electronegativity
e- attraction
Allen
(alfa) m.IE(s)+n.IE(p) / m+n
Mulliken
Xabs=- (mi) = -deltaE/-delta N ~ IE - AE / 2
Trends
TM
Stability high oxidation states
Increase from top to bottom
Mainly groups
Increase from bottom to top
3d is more contracted (w.r.t. 4d/5d)
Smaller ligand field splitting
RE/Ln/ITM
4f well shielded against ligands (almost no LFS)
only oxidation of 6s/5d
X
FIGURE
Screening of nuclear charge
Efficient
First orbital
Contracted orbitals
Opposite spin
Ineficient
Difuse orbitals