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Comfortable singing range (Lu, 2017) ((Welch, et.al., 2009) National…

- - - - A Moore 's (1991) involved 90 talented children aged 8-11 from 50 different schools. He tested CSR by singing 'America' in a self-selected key and singing a descending major sol-fa scale pattern sung by syllable 'la' to find lowest and highest pitch. The CSR was determined by ' the ease and quality of sound of each singer'. He reported that subjects 'sang familiar songs in the bottom part of their potential singing range', regardless of age, and CSR were from b3 to a4 in his study. The author assume that using familiar song is one of the reason to explain the narrow CSR. Another reason is that Moore used a descending major scale pattern to test the highest pitch range, which might be disadvantage than using an ascending major, as the later could be better find the highest pitch in the end of pattern, instead of in the beginning of the pattern.
        
        Wilson's (1970) is an important research for the author. (Wilson, 1970) It was twelve years longitutinal study involved 69 students in the first year and end with 34 students. Students were from grade one to six. Data of each grade was collected six times in 7 to 12 years. The vocal range was tested by ascending and desceding chromatic scale with syllable ''oo'' and ''ah'' respectively, and several familiar songs singing in their comfortable level. In the ascending scale, children were allowed to restart with a lower point if they ran out of breath. The same problem did not occur in the descending scale. One song was reported as a poor selection as 'it was difficult to discern whether the child had accurately sung the quick upbeat' (p18). Wilson only concern the pitch range, not the quality of tone. it expanded by age from grade one to six, the second graders showed rapid change to the third graders. Wilson reported sex difference wiht boys slightly sing 1-2 ST lower than girls.The researcher also reported that individual did not developed at the same rate, similar conclusion in Toole's research. Children's comfortable singing pitches was lower than traditonally recommeded. Wilson also found that 'children in the same family appeared to have similar vocal tessitura and similar pitch of speaking voices' (p153). This shows family influces on children's voical behavior. However, this was tested by only five families.
        
        Patricia (2006) also agreed that the comfortable singing range or tessitura expanded by age. She suggested a comfortable singing range for elemental school children :<3:. Compared with data from Welch et al, this range had both higher high pitches and low pitches since aged 8 to 9. The range is narrow than that of Wassum. :red_flag: For boys at the end of elementary school, she said that their voice are possible to crack 'as they try to sing higher than the middle of their singing range' (find page number).
        
        Holz (1996) Tessitura was defined as 'an avarage pitch level chosen by a subject as most comfortable for singing the song Jingle Bells' p17. Method difference: Moore (1991) recommended playing the first note of songs before singing. Holz used a 'speech-to-song' approach to select tessitura for children. Definition of 'speech-to-song approach': A sequence of instruction beginning with speech exercises and leading sequentially to singing exercises with similar pitch patterns and/or pitch levels. Holz used three methods to test tessitura, including first group received traditional class teaching, second group received 'individual computer - assisted instruction' and third group received both training. Holt reported that children's results were significantly influenced by the methods. Holz reported that the using speech-to-song approach in classroom singing teaching effectively expanded children's tessitura, compared with 'individual computer-assisted instruction'. .
        
        (Moore, 1991) The author reported that children's singing range expaned by age. from 23.71 st to 25.6 st for aged 8 - 11, with nonlinear increase. :<3:(see Figure).
        
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        (Schneider et al, 2002) 186 aged 7 - 10 children from five schools from urban or rural area in Austria or Hungary, three schools without any music specialization and two schoos with singing specialization, and one of them is music school. Participants were asked to sing scales but measured by VRP. School difference have been reported. show figures. Regardless of ethinic, Children from two schools have singing specialists have 3-6 ST wider vocal range than children from schools without any specialist. Children from the music school have the widest vocal range (33.2 ST). .:<3: Children from the school from Urban area have 2.4ST wider than that of rural children in Austria. Music specialization has the biggest influence on children's vocal range in this research, which is flowed by econic states, and ethnic difference is the end. the range see figure :<3: All children reached at least a mean singing voice range of two octaves (24 st). The singing range was wider those of Welch et al and Wilson, as it was vocal range profile instead of CSR. It closes to healthy aged 8-11 children in Wuyts who also used vocal range profile.
        
        According to Flowers and Dunne-Sousa (1990), children used a larger singing range in echoing pitch patterns than singing a song. :red_flag:
- - - - McAllister et al (1994) range g3 to g5. 60 children 36 boys and 24 girls grade 3 aged 10 from three public schools. no special training in singing. read a short story and retell, read a short text. :<3: measured by VRP. The result was significantly narrow than Pedersen as no musical trained children and used reading text and spontaneous speech. different methods.
        
        Bohme and Stuchlik (1995) 277 healthy children between the ages of 5 and 14 years. by VRP. Many 5-6 years old children were able to produce only the same tone with the same frequency when asked to sing higher or lower. Therefore, the measurement does not appear valid. No-age and sex -dependent changes of 7-10 years old were shown on vocal frequency range.After age 10, an increase of the dynamic range over the lowest frequencies was found. show figures :<3: It is same with 75% of vocal range in Schneider et al. and slightly 2-3 st higher than Wuyts et al. :red_flag:
        
        Similarly, (Heylen et al, 1998) also find age difference and the influence of vocal disease for 94 normal children and 136 children with laryngeal pathlogy aged 6 to 11, but no sex difference have found. The vocal range of healthy and dysphonic children have simaly range with thoes of Wuyts's finding. :red_flag:
        
        Similarly, (Hacki and Heitmuller, 1999) also found a lowering of the shouting pitch for both sexes from 10-year-old. They tested 180 healthy children aged from 4 to 12 measured by VRP. They also found a lowering of the habitual speaking pitch as well as speaking pitch range for girls between 7 and 8, for boys between 8 and 9, which is partly similar to Wuyts et al (2003). The habitual speaking pitch in this study is from #a3 -#c4, similar to a3 - c4 in the Figure 3 in SFF section. The singing voice range was expanded both upward and downward with age.The author reported that singing pitch range was expaned from aged 4 to 8, but no considerable change for aged 8 -12. However, the singing range did expand slightly during aged 8-12, from g3-g5 to #f3- a6 for boys, and g3-a5 to g3-c6 for girls (see Table 2,p S143). Overall, girls have about 1-2 ST higher high singing pitch than that of boys since aged 8, while boys have about 1-2 ST lower bass than that of gilrs since aged 9, but these are nonlinear increase.The bass for girls aged 4-6 was unchanged, similarly with aged 8-10 girls, and aged 5-7 for boys. It might be as the bass are stable in these periods, and did not changed more than one semitone. The singing range was similar to finding from Bohme and Stuchlik, Schneider et al, and Wuyts, et al (2003).