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Classical Period (600 B.C.E.- 600C.E.) (Belief Systems (Buddhism (Don'…

- - - - Caste system
      - Vedic Religions (Before Hinduism & influenced it)
      - Sanskrit scriptures
        (one of the oldest Hindu texts)
  - - - Spread of Christianity (Made easier by Roman Empire)
      - Jesus of Nazareth (religion based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth)
- - - - Legalism (Philosophical believe tht humans are more likely to do wrong than right because they are motivated entirely by self interest, this was used by the Qin Dynasty)
      - Laozi (legendary Daoist philosopher)
        
        Daoism (religious or philosophical tradition that that emphasizes living in harmony with the Tao)
    - - Shi Huangdi (Ruled with diplomatic skills and military ruthless, used philosophy of "Legalism", standardized coins, united much of the nation under 1 strong government)
        
        Terra Cotta Army (Army made out of clay were buried along China's fist emperor to accompany him during his eternal rest)
      - Great Wall (Built in northern Chona to prevent attacks from the north, took years and over 30,000 Chinese peasants, stretches over 4,000 miles)
      - Weights and Measures (emperor Qin unified weights and Measures)
      - Writing System (Consistsof an individual character or ideogram for every syllable
      - Culture
        
        Ancestor Veneration (Religious practice based on the belief that the deceased family members have continued existence and that they will look after the family)
      - political
        
        The idea that the ruler of China at the time had the blessing of the god, this could also be used to overthrow bad rulers
        
        First used to overthrow the Shang Dynasty
    - - Han Wudi (Ruler of Han Dynasty, expanded his power through trade, diplomacy, and military. Began building Great Wall of China and made Confucianism the state region of China)
      - Confucius (Philosopher who introduced the ideaof Confucianism)
        
        Confucianism (system of philosophical and ethical teachings founded by good morals to a happy life)
      - Scholar Gentry (Educated degree holders who would have special privileges of dress, law, and social position. They would also carry out social welfare, taught in private schools, supervised community projects, and maintained local law.
      - Civil Servic Exam (System that allowed anyone to with ability to attain public office even though it usually favored the wealthy that could afford an education)
      - Mandate of Heaven (The idea that there could be ony one ruler of China who was believed to have the blessing from the gods until he was overthrown by another dynasty because he was no longer a good ruler therefore no longer had the mandate of heaven.
      - Pax Sinica (Peace during the Han Dynasty that lasted 400 years of prosperity. Talented people could get a job in the government not only through Family thanks to the civil service exam.
      - Yellow Turban Rebellion (Major Chinese peasant revolt that began in 184 C.E. and helped cause the fall of the Han Dynasty trying to create a Daoist society)
  - - - Mauryan (most famous ruler was Ashoka; Hindu who converted to peaceful life under Buddhism)
        
        Ashoka
      - Mauryan empire covered almost all of India and Gupta Empire only covered the northern half of India)
      - Gupta empire C.320 CE - c550 CE (Cultural contributions like chess, medical advances, and "Arabic" numerals.
  - - - Phonetic Alphabet (ancient alphabet that served as the now current English alphabet along with other languages)
    - - Minoans (made an important contribution to the Western European civilization, believed to be the first civilization to appear in European soil around 2000 BC)
      - Decentralized (Distribution of powers or functions od a central authority over a less concentrated area.
      - Delian league ( Alliance of Greek city-states led by Athens in 478 BCE to liberate eastern Greek cities from Persian rule and to prepare from future revenge attacks from the Persian Wars.
      - Peloponnesian War (Nearly three decades of wae between Athens and Sparta, Sparta emerged victorious while Athens was left bankrupt and unstable)
      - Pericles (Golden Age of Athenian culture flourished under his leadership, patron of the arts and politician)
      - Cleitsthenes (Greek statesman; founder of Athenian democracy. His innovation was the basing of individual political responsibility on citizenship rather than membership in a clan)
      - Helots ( slaves who provided agriculturall labor in Sparta)
      - Hoplites (most common type of heavily armed foot soldier)
      - Plato (Greek Philosopher, student of Socrates, teacher of Aristotle)
      - political
        
        tyrants (absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution, often described as cruel because he would do anything to defend his position and tends to control almost anything in the state)
      - Persian Wars (against Greece)- conflic between Greece and Persia, several famous battles were; Marathon, Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. The Greeks were victorious.
    - - Alexander the Great (Unified ALLof Grecce, becam king at 20, swore to avenge his father's death from the Persian Empire)
      - Syncretism (the combination of different beliefs or practices)
    - - Punic Wars (Three wars between Carthage and Rome took over a century, on the last Punic War; Africa turned into another province of the Roman Empire because of the defeat of Carthage)
      - Constantine (moved capital to Byzantium)
      - Julius Ceasar (Turned the Roman Republic into the powerful Roman Empire but was then assassinated by conspirators, including Marcus Brutus)
      - Mark Anthony (Roman general who was the lover of Cleopatra)
      - Ceasar Augustus (First Roman emperor who led Rome's transition from republic to empire after the assassination of Julius Caesar)
      - Diocletian (Roman Emperor who restored an efficient government and also laid the foundations for the Byzantine Empire in the East)
      - social
        
        Patricians (group of ruling class families)
        
        Plebeians (citizens who were not members of the patrician,instead, average working citizens)
      - Patron-Client relationships ( ancient Roman society relationship between the patrons and their clients, the relationship was hierarchical)
      - Pax Romana (The peace that existed within the Roman Empire, beginning with the reign of Augustus)
      - Tribunes (The official or ruler in ancient Rome chosn by the plebeians)
      - triumvirate (a group of three men holding power in particular)
      - Virgil (Roman Poet)
      - Political
        
        Law of the Twelve Tables (The earliest attempt by the Romans to create a code of law)
        
        Consuls ( Highest elected political office of the Roman Republic)
  - - - Pyramids
      - Centralized planning (planned economy)
    - - Slash & Burn Agriculture (existing vegetation is cut down and burned off before new seeds are sown, typically used as a method for clearing forest land)
      - Stelae (an upright stone slab or column typically bearing a commemorative inscription or relief design)
      - Polytheism (Beliefs on more than one god)
      - Calendar (consists of several cycles or counts of different lengths, it dates back to at least the 5th century BCE)
      - City-State (a city that with its surrounding territory forms an independent state)
      - Chichen Itza (The Kukulkan Pyramid in Chichen-Itza which known as “El Castillo” (the castle), is one of the new seven wonders of the world)
    - - Huaca del Sol (A pyramid temple built to express religious and political control of its priests)
      - Huaca de la Luna (A pyramid temple built to express religious and political control of its priests)
      - Irrigation (a controlled amount of water is supplied to plants at regular intervals for agriculture)
      - Agriculture (It benefitted from an extensive system of canals, reservoirs, and aqueducts)
      - Textiles (woven fabric into beautiful patterns)
      - Ayllus
      - disappearance (The most reasonable explanation for their disappearance is believed to be the effect of El Niño)