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Development (Evolutionary Psychology (Evolutionary Psychology – the study…
Development
Evolutionary Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology – the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using the principles of natural selection
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Adaptation – traits that are selected through natural selection represent something that is a good ‘adaptation’ for the survival of a certain species.
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KEY CRITICISM: Evolutionary Psychology receives a lot of criticism for taking a trait and working backwards to provide an explanation. They also may pigeonhole people into certain behaviors when there is always variation, AND just because a behavior has evolved a certain way doesn’t make it good. (we will look at this more in “Tough Guise”
Genetics
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Heritability: the proportion of observed differences on a trait among individuals of population that is due to genetic differences.
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Nature Vs Nurture
Nature: Who you are based on your genetics, biology: essential characteristics
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Behavioral Geneticists: the ones that study the interplay between our heredity (DNA) and our environments.
Studies on Twins
Identical Twins: twins who developed from a single monozygotic fertilized egg. They will be genetically IDENTICAL in every way, and share the same fetal environment.
Fraternal Twins: twins who developed from separate eggs – they are no closer than any other brother or sister, but the share a fetal environment.
Sex and Gender
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3% = intersex: XXY, XYY, XO, some XX some XY
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Pre-Natal Development
Egg and Sperm create a zygote - the zygote grows into an embryo - After about two months a baby has developed into a fetus and will continue to grow and develop until birth
Teratogens, chemicals or viruses, may cause birth defects - mental or physical -FETAL ALCOHOL SYNDROME
Habituation can also begin in the womb - but as any stimulus is repeated the infant becomes less responsive to it
Parenting Styles
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Authoritative: Parents are both demanding and responsive. They set rules and enforce them, but they also explain their reasoning fro the rules and encourage open discussion with older children.
Cultural Influences
Humans have the ability to evolve culture.Culture is composed of behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions.
Cultures differ. Each culture develops norms, rules for accepted and expected behavior.
Developmental Psychology: Examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the lifespan
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Origins of Attachment
Harlow (1971) showed that infants bond with surrogate mothers because of bodily contact and not because of nourishment.
Secure Attachment- OK with Mom there, concerned when she leaves. (Stranger Anxiety OK)
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Vgotsky and Scaffolding
Children develop as they are taught new things and moving their development along is about meeting them were they are and then pushing them to take on the
Peer Influence
Children, like adults, attempt to fit into a group by conforming.