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Cells of Adaptive Immune System (Immunodeficiency Can Result From:…
Cells of Adaptive Immune System
T Lymphocytes
CD4+: produce cytokines
called helper T cells
Th1
Intracellular: IL12, IFN-gamma
Th2
Extracellular: IL-4, IL-13
When Th1 response predominates, increased response to intracellular pathogens w/ increased delayed hypersensitivty
decreased extracellar response and decreased allergic inflammation
When Th2 response predominates there is decreased intracellular response, decreased DTH, increased extracellular pathogen response and increased allergic inflammation
CD8+: lyse infected cells; also called cytotoxic T cells
hypersensitivity response: produces harm not protection
can involve responses to external antigens as well as autoimmunity
B cells (innate)
Plasma cell
produce Ab's
require T helper cell stimulation to switch from making IgM to IgG; IgG is more effective in producing memory cells
APC
Professional APC: DC and Macrophages; these can activate naive T cells
Non Professional APC can present antigen to memory T cell or one that has already seen it's antigen before
Clonal Selection Theory
upon binding antigen, divide and produce clones
cells with a wide range of specificities exist in body
each cell possesses a single specificity
applies only to adaptive immune system
slow
produces memory cells
Cytokines
small proteins that act through a receptor
enhance innate and adaptive immune responses
autocrine, paracrine, endocrine
regulate hematopoiesis
cell survival/proliferation
cell migration & inflammation
characteristics
redundancy
synergy: in the presence of other cytokines, they can be enhanced
pleiotrophy: response varies based on amount
antagonism
Immunopathology
Ineffective Immune response: rare, immunodeficiency; immunodeficiency can lead to infection
overactive immune response; hypersensitivity
Inappropriate response to self; autoimmunity
Infection can suggest an Immunodeficiency Problem; the following deficiencies can cause susceptibility to these pathogens.
T cells: mycobacteria, fungi, parasites, bacteria
Antibodies: encapsulated organisms, viruses
PMN: staphylococcus, serratia, pseudomonas, aspergillis, candida
Complement: Neisseria sp
Immunodeficiency Can Result From:
latrogenic immunosuppresion
metabolic defects
Immune senescence
malnutrition
malignancies
infectious diseases
trauma, surgery, stress
depression: can cause decreased NK function, increased Ab levels, decrease in IL-2 (T cell proliferation) and IFN gamma (activates macrophages); IL-4 increase Ab levels; decreased DTH response (lack of inflammation to TB test is an example);