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THEORY OF MIND (THEORY OF MIND SCALE (WELLMAN & LIU 2004) FALSE…

- - - - MINDBLINDNESS (BARON COHEN)
        TIED TO IMPAIRMENTS IN ToM
        TIED TO IMPAIRED SOCIAL COMMUNICATION SKILLS - OTHER PEOPLES BEHAVIOUR CONFUSING , FRIGHTENING, UNPREDICTABLE - BUT DOES NOT EXPLAIN NON-SOCIAL ELEMENTS OF AUTISM, OR DIFFICULTIES IN RESPONDING TO OTHERS EMOTIONS SO REVISED
        
        REVISED TO INCLUDE
        
        EMPATHISING & SYSTEMISING THEORY (BARON COHEN 2009)
        EMPATHISING: ToM & EMOTIONAL REACTIVITY
        SYSTEMISING: IDENTIFY RULES OF A GIVEN SYSTEM
        AUTISM EXPLAINED BY DISCREPANCY BETWEEN (IMPAIRED) EMPATHISING AND (STRONG) SYSTEMISING
      - SOCIAL MOTIVATION THEORY (CHEVALLIER)
        DISRUPTION IN SOCIAL MOTIVATION MAY EXPLAIN IMPAIRED SOCIAL ABILITY
      - ToM IMPAIRED OUT OF PROPORTION WITH GENERAL INTELLECTUAL ABILITIES OF PEOPLE WITH AUTISM - ONLY 20% OF AUTISTIC CHILDREN PASS SALLY ANN TEST, 85% OF TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN, 86% CHILDREN WITH DOWN SYNDROME . EVEN THOUGH PEOPLE WITH AUTISM PASSED COMPREHENSION AND MEMORY TESTS IN SAME TASK
        AUTISTIC FALSE BELIEF IMPAIRMENT REPLICATED MANY TIMES
        
        LANGUAGE DELAY IN AUTISTIC CHILDREN (LANGUAGE RELATED TO ToM)
        AUTISTIC CHILDREN NEEDED TO BE 9+ TO PASS FALSE BELIEF TESTS
        NON SOCIAL (LINGUISTIC REASONING) COPING STRATEGY USED TO PASS TEST AT 9+ LINGUISTIC REASONING IS A STRENGTH IN AUTISM (HAPPE, 1995)
        
        EXECUTIVE FUNCTION IMPAIRMENT IN AUTISM (LINKED TO ToM)
        MIXED EVIDENCE
        POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN EXEC FUNCTION & THEORY OF MIND (PELLICANO, 2007)
        IMPAIRED EXEC FUNCTION - EVEN IN PEOPLE WHO PASS ToM TASKS (OZONOFF ET AL., 1991)
      - STANDARD ToM TASKS ARE UNLIKELY TO CAPTURE INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY AMONGST PEOPLE WITH AUTISM
        NOR THE ASSOCIATIONS WITH LANGUAGE ABILITY AND EXEC. FUNC. IN THE AUTISTIC POPULATION
      - PEOPLE WITH AUTISM SHOW IMPAIRMENT ON IMPLICIT ToM TASK - UNLIKELY TO BE RELATED TO LANGUAGE OR EXEC. FUNC. AS NON-VERBAL
        PEOPLE WITH HFA WHO PASSED STD. FALSE BELIEF TASKS FAILED IMPLICIT ToM TASKS - EYE MOVEMENTS DID NOT ANTICIPATE ACTORS BEHAVIOR - I.E. AUTISTIC ADULTS WILL CORRECTLY IDENTIFY WHERE SALLY WILL THINK THE BALL IS BUT WILL LOOK AT ANNE'S BOX
      - ToM SCALE IN AUTISM - CHILDREN WITH AUTISM SIMILAR TO TYPICALLY DEVELOPING CHILDREN - MOST TASKS PASSED IN SAME WAY EXCEPT FALSE BELIEF TASKS WERE FOUND TO BE HARDER THAN REAL APPARENT EMOTION TASK FOR PEOPLE WITH AUTISM (PETERSON ET AL., 205, 2012)
        SUGGESTS ToM DELAYED IN AUTISM AND FOLLOWS SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT PROGRESSION
      - THOUGH THERE APPEARS TO BE A ToM DEFICIT IN PEOPLE WITH AUTISM, 20% OF AUTISTIC PEOPLE PASS SALLY ANNE TASK.
        ALSO PEOPLE WITH ASPERGERS WHICH IS ASSOCIATED WITH HIGHER VERBAL ABILITY THAN AUTISM OFTEN PASS STD. FALSE BELIEF TASKS. ToM MAY BE INTACT, SO ToM UNLIKELY TO BE ONLY CAUSE OF SOCIAL COMMUNICATION IMPAIRMENTS IN AUTISM. AS PEOPLE WITH ASPERGERS HAVE SOCIAL COMMUNICATION DEFICITS BUT NOT ToM DEFICITS
      - FRAGILE X SYNDROME (CAUSED BY X CHROMOSOME MUTATION)
        INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY
        SOCIAL IMPAIRMENTS
        HIGHER PREVALENCE OF AUTISM (30% V 1%)
        ToM IMPAIRMENTS FOUND IN THIS GROUP, INCLUDING THOSE WITH & WITHOUT AUTISM - MOST LIKELY TO BE RELATED TO WM DIFFICULTIES (GRANT ET. AL., 2007) - I.E. COGNITION RELATED EXECUTIVE FUNCTION.
- - - - VISUAL PERSPECTIVE TAKING
        HOW MANY DOTS CAN THE AVATAR SEE? SOMETIMES AVATAR & PARTICIPANT CAN SEE SAME AMOUNT. SOMETIMES A DOT MAY BE BEHIND AVATAR SO AVATAR AND PARTICIPANT SEE DIFFERENT AMOUNTS.
        PARTICIPANTS RESPONDED SLOWER IF AMOUNTS WERE DIFFERENT - EGOCENTRIC INTERFERENCE.
        ALSO ALTERCENTRIC INTERFERENCE - PARTICIPANTS SLOWER TO EXPRESS HOW MANY DOTS THEY COULD SEE IF NUMBER WAS DIFFERENT TO WHAT AVATAR COULD SEE.
        (SAMSON ET AL 2010)