CNS Functional Overview (Anatomy + Physiology)

Emotion

Vision

Hearing & Balance

Higher Order Functions

Movement

Limbic System

Basal Ganglia

Motor Cortex

Reflexes

Taste & Smell

Somatosensory

Pain

Touch

Auditory System

Vestibular System

Appetite, Thirst & Thermoregulation

Sleep

Memory

Speech & Language

Anatomy

Reticular formation

Rostral brainstem

Caudal brainstem

Brain waves

Sleep

Wakefulness

Of Sleep

Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep

Types

Alertness

Inattention

Sleep/Anesthsia

Beta rhythm

Alpha rhythm

Theta rhythm

Delta rhytm

Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)

Stages

Stage 2

Stage 3

Stage 4

Stage 1

Character

Function

Muscle tone

Frequent body movement

Regular vital signs

Release hormones to stimulate protein Sx

Immune system stimulation

Increased with exercise

Character

Timeframe

Duration : 20 mins

Pronounced loss of muscle tone = Effective paralysis

Fluctuating vital signs

Raised brain temperature vs SWS

Penile/clitoric erection

Every 90 mins after falling asleep

Function

Deprivation effects

Mind maintenance

Body maintenance

Subtle emotional & personality disturbances

Sensory processing, sexuality & feeding behaviour abnormalities

Synthesis of proteins fro Long Term Memory

Hypothalmic areas

Ventrolateral Preoptic area (VLPO)

Tuberomammilary nucleus

Basal forebrain

Adenosine-releasing cell bodies

Promotes sleep

Histaminergic cell bodies

Promotes wakefulness

GABAergic cell bodies

Promotes sleep

Lesions --> Insomnia

Benzodiazepines enhances effect

Antihistamines --> Drowsiness

Adenosine antagonists --> Wakefulness

SWS ♻ REM Transition

PGO Spikes

Balance of Brainstem Nuclei

Phasic bursts of activity

Form dorsal pons [nucleus reticularis pontis oralis]

--> Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus

--> Occipital cortex

Cholinergic

Aminergic

REM 'ON' cells

REM 'OFF' cells

Sleep Disorders

Parasomnia

Insomnia (most common) - 15%

Narcolepsy

Imbalance of cholinergic/aminergic actvity

Treatment by Orexin