CNS Functional Overview (Anatomy + Physiology)
Emotion
Vision
Hearing & Balance
Higher Order Functions
Movement
Limbic System
Basal Ganglia
Motor Cortex
Reflexes
Taste & Smell
Somatosensory
Pain
Touch
Auditory System
Vestibular System
Appetite, Thirst & Thermoregulation
Sleep
Memory
Speech & Language
Anatomy
Reticular formation
Rostral brainstem
Caudal brainstem
Brain waves
Sleep
Wakefulness
Of Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Types
Alertness
Inattention
Sleep/Anesthsia
Beta rhythm
Alpha rhythm
Theta rhythm
Delta rhytm
Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)
Stages
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 4
Stage 1
Character
Function
Muscle tone
Frequent body movement
Regular vital signs
Release hormones to stimulate protein Sx
Immune system stimulation
Increased with exercise
Character
Timeframe
Duration : 20 mins
Pronounced loss of muscle tone = Effective paralysis
Fluctuating vital signs
Raised brain temperature vs SWS
Penile/clitoric erection
Every 90 mins after falling asleep
Function
Deprivation effects
Mind maintenance
Body maintenance
Subtle emotional & personality disturbances
Sensory processing, sexuality & feeding behaviour abnormalities
Synthesis of proteins fro Long Term Memory
Hypothalmic areas
Ventrolateral Preoptic area (VLPO)
Tuberomammilary nucleus
Basal forebrain
Adenosine-releasing cell bodies
Promotes sleep
Histaminergic cell bodies
Promotes wakefulness
GABAergic cell bodies
Promotes sleep
Lesions --> Insomnia
Benzodiazepines enhances effect
Antihistamines --> Drowsiness
Adenosine antagonists --> Wakefulness
SWS ♻ REM Transition
PGO Spikes
Balance of Brainstem Nuclei
Phasic bursts of activity
Form dorsal pons [nucleus reticularis pontis oralis]
--> Lateral geniculate nucleus of thalamus
--> Occipital cortex
Cholinergic
Aminergic
REM 'ON' cells
REM 'OFF' cells
Sleep Disorders
Parasomnia
Insomnia (most common) - 15%
Narcolepsy
Imbalance of cholinergic/aminergic actvity
Treatment by Orexin