Research Method
Developing ideas for research
Experiment Design I
random assignment
independent variable
varieties of psychological research
basic (conceptual paper)
applied (experimental paper)
designed to understand fundamental psychological phenomenon
designed to shed light on the solution to real-world problems
setting
laboratory
field
greater control, minimal mundane realism
more realistuc, maximum mundane realism
quantitative
testing objectives theiories by examining the relationship among variables
questionnaire, experiments, instruments
carry out by group
exploratory
statistical analysis (number)
qualitative
exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groupps ascribe to a social or human problem
carry out by a team
case studies (participants' story), observing
explanatory
interview, description (information)
empirical question
answerable with data (transform from the collecting data)
term precisely define
operational definition
variable defined in term of clearly specific set of operations
converging operation
understanding increase as studies with difference operational
process of assigning your sample into two or more subgroup by chance
manipulated variable (situational, task, instructional)
experimental group (given treatment)
control group (treatment withheld)
dependent variablle
any behavior measued in an experiment
problem
ceiling effects (task is too easy, scores is high)
floor effect (task is too difficult, scores is low)
solution
justify it (using pilot test)
subject variable
existing attributes of subjects in study
example: gender, age, personality characteristics
Experiment Design II
controlling for experimenter bias
using double blind
single blind
subject bias
subject behavior is effected by the knowledge that one is in an experiment
Hawthorne effect
Good subject
Demand characteristics
Evaluation apprehension
how to control?
reduce demand characteristics to minimum
do a manipulation check (use pilot test)
conduct field research
ethnic-participants responsibilities
scheduling by showing up of time
cooperative and acting pprofessionally by giving their best and most honest effort
listening carefully (during consent inform and instructions)
respecting any request by researchers
being active
sampling design and procedure
practical sampling concepts
define the target population
determine the sampling frame
select a sampling technique
determine the sample size
execute the sampling procedure
non- probability sampling
convenience sampling
judgement sampling
quota sampling
snowball sampling
probability sampling
systematic sampling
stratified sampling
cluster sampling
correlational research design
experimental factor (manipulated environmental factor)
t-test
correlational factor (individual differences)
Y’=byX + ay
quasi experiment
subject cannot be assigned randomly
allow for a degree of control
P x E factorial design
non-equivalent control group (cannot be easily control)