Research Method

Developing ideas for research

Experiment Design I

random assignment

independent variable

varieties of psychological research

basic (conceptual paper)

applied (experimental paper)

designed to understand fundamental psychological phenomenon

designed to shed light on the solution to real-world problems

setting

laboratory

field

greater control, minimal mundane realism

more realistuc, maximum mundane realism

quantitative

testing objectives theiories by examining the relationship among variables

questionnaire, experiments, instruments

carry out by group

exploratory

statistical analysis (number)

qualitative

exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groupps ascribe to a social or human problem

carry out by a team

case studies (participants' story), observing

explanatory

interview, description (information)

empirical question

answerable with data (transform from the collecting data)

term precisely define

operational definition

variable defined in term of clearly specific set of operations

converging operation

understanding increase as studies with difference operational

process of assigning your sample into two or more subgroup by chance

manipulated variable (situational, task, instructional)

experimental group (given treatment)

control group (treatment withheld)

dependent variablle

any behavior measued in an experiment

problem

ceiling effects (task is too easy, scores is high)

floor effect (task is too difficult, scores is low)

solution

justify it (using pilot test)

subject variable

existing attributes of subjects in study

example: gender, age, personality characteristics

Experiment Design II

controlling for experimenter bias

using double blind

single blind

subject bias

subject behavior is effected by the knowledge that one is in an experiment

Hawthorne effect

Good subject

Demand characteristics

Evaluation apprehension

how to control?

reduce demand characteristics to minimum

do a manipulation check (use pilot test)

conduct field research

ethnic-participants responsibilities

scheduling by showing up of time

cooperative and acting pprofessionally by giving their best and most honest effort

listening carefully (during consent inform and instructions)

respecting any request by researchers

being active

sampling design and procedure

practical sampling concepts

define the target population

determine the sampling frame

select a sampling technique

determine the sample size

execute the sampling procedure

non- probability sampling

convenience sampling

judgement sampling

quota sampling

snowball sampling

probability sampling

systematic sampling

stratified sampling

cluster sampling

correlational research design

experimental factor (manipulated environmental factor)

t-test

correlational factor (individual differences)

Y’=byX + ay

quasi experiment

subject cannot be assigned randomly

allow for a degree of control

P x E factorial design

non-equivalent control group (cannot be easily control)