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Central Nervous System (Cerebrum (White Matter Tracts (Association Tracts
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Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Frontal Lobe
- Executive and Planning Functions
- Voluntary Movement planning
- Memory
Precentral Gyrus
- Primary Motor Cortex
- Control Voluntary Movement
- Pyramidal Cells (Multipolar Neurons)
Parietal Lobe
- Receives/Processes Sensory Information
- Awareness of objects, sounds and body parts
- Somatic Sensation
- Understanding of Speech
Postcentral Gyrus
- Primary Somatosensory Cortex
- Consciously aware of these sensations
-
Temporal Lobe
- Auditory and Olfactory Cortex
- Recognition of objects, word and faces
- Language Comprehension
- Emotional Response and Memory
Insula
- Gustatory Cortex
- Visceral Sensations of pressure, discomfort, and pain
White Matter Tracts
Association Tracts
- Connects parts of the brain in the same hemisphere
- Relatively Short
Commissural Tracts
- Connect one hemisphere to another
- Corpus Collosum
Projection Tracts
- Connect Cerebral Cortex to more caudal part of CNS
- Run vertical in the same hemisphere
- Ascending Tract and Descending Tract
Specialized Areas
Broca's Area
- Left Hemisphere of the Cerebrum (Frontal Lobe)
- Controls Motor movements of speech
Wernicke's Area
- Left Hemisphere of the Cerebrum
- Spans Temporal, Parietal, and Occipital Lobes
- Understanding of Speech
- Naming of objects and reading words
Diencephalon
Thalamus
- Relay Station
- Amplification and Deamplification of signals
- Selection of stimulus to pay attention to
- All sensory information on the way to the Cerebral Cortex goes through here (except Olfactory)
Hypothalamus
- Controls Autonomic Nervous System (Visceral Control Center)
- Regulates: body temperature, hunger/thirst, sleep/wake, Endocrine system, emotional response, and motivation (food/sex)
- Memory Formation
Epithalamus
- Pineal Gland
- Hormone Melatonin for Sleep
Brain Stem
Midbrain
- Connects various regions of the CNS together
- Cerebral Peduncles - Pyramidal Motor Tract from Cerebrum to Spinal Cord
- Corpora Quadrigemina - Visual and Auditory Relexes
Pons
- Ventral Bridge between the Brain stem and Cerebellum
- Reticular Formation Nuclei - Gray matter involved with Autonomic behavior
- Cranial Nerve Attachment Point (Trigeminal-V, Abducens-VI, and Facial-VII)
- Middle Cerebellar Peduncle - Pathway for Coordination and Voluntary Movement
Medulla Oblongata
- Most Caudal Part of Brain stem
- Pyramids - large fiber tracts that descend through the brain stem and spinal cord carrying Voluntary Motor Output
Cerebellum
Functions
- Smooths and coordinates body movements
- Maintains Posture and Equilibrium
Structures
Inferior Cerebellar Peduncle
- Connects the Cerebellum to the Medulla Oblongata
- Afferent fibers Vestibular Nuclei (Equilibrium) and Spinal Cord (Proprioception) into the Cerebellum
Middle Cerebellar Peduncle
- Connects the Cerebellum to the Pons
- Efferent Information from the Cerebral Cortex to the Cerebellum
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle
- Connects the Cerebellum to the Midbrain
- Efferent Instructions for the Cerebral Cortex to the Cerebellum
Arbor Vitae
- White Matter of Cerebellum
- Looks like a leaf
Cerebellar Cortex
- Dark Matter of Cerebellum
- Area around the Arbor Vitae
CNS Protections
Dura Mater
- Tough Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Formed by two fused layers
Periosteal Layer
- Superficial Layer
- Is the Periosteum of the Skull Bone
- Not found in Spinal Cord
Meningeal Layer
- Deeper Layer
- True External Covering of the Brain
- Found in Spinal Cord
Pia Mater
- Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Directly on the surface of the Cerebrum
- Richly vascularized with fine blood vessels
- Clings tightly to the brain
Arachnoid Mater
- Just Deep to the Dura Mater
Subdural Space
- Separates the Dura Mater and the Arachnoid Mater
- Little Film or Fluid, not dry
Subarachnoid Space
- Filled with Cerebrospinal Fluid
- Blood Vessels (Poorly Protected)
-Web like threads hold the Arachnoid Mater to the deeper Pia Mater
Dural Venus Sinuses
- Uses part of the Dura Mater where the Periosteal and Meningeal layers separate
- Filled with de-oxygenated blood
- Takes de-oxygenated blood and excess CSF and drains into the Internal Jugular Vein
Epidural Space
- Located in the Spinal Cord
- Filled with cushioning Adipose (Fat) and a network of veins
- Epidural administered here
Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
- Allows the Brain and Spinal Cord to float
- Cushions the Brain and Spinal Cord
- Nourishes the Brain (Minor Role)
- Formed in the ventricles by Ependymal Cells from blood and return to the blood stream via Arachnoid Granualtions via the Superior Sagittal Sinus
Spinal Cord
Conus Medullaris
- Tapered inferior end of the spinal cord
- At L1 and L2 Vertebra
Cauda Equina
- Collection to Nerve Roots that extend down from the Conus Medullaris
- Supplies the Sacral Spinal Nerves
Filum Terminale
- Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Ends in the Coccyx
- Anchors the Spinal Cord
Anterior Root
- Motor Neurons (Efferent)
- Outgoing information
- Visceral Motor (Autonomic) Neurons
-Somactic Motor Neurons
Posterior Root
- Sensory Neurons (Afferent)
- Incoming Information
- Somatic Sensory Neurons
- Visceral Sensory Neurons
- Posterior Root Ganglion is a sensory Unipolar neuron