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Chapter 8 and 9 (Electron Transport System (Oxidative Phosphorylation…

- - - - Continually goes through each electron carrier until it reaches ATP synthase
- - - - Substrate Level Phosphorylation
- - - - The contraction of muscles
    - - Moving substances against the concentration gradient/ direction of movement
    - - Pushes Endergonic Reactions
    - - Driving Endergonic reactions through exergonic reactions
      - ATP- energy for the cell
        
        Adenosine-Tri Phosphate
        
        Ribose (sugar), Adenine (nitrogenous base), and 3 Phosphate Groups
        
        ATP is renewable resource (adding a third phosphate to ADP)
      - The cell's three works are given energy through the hydrolysis of ATP
      - The 3rd phosphate is removed by H2O and energy is released
      - The exergonic reaction (energy releasing) of ATP hydrolysis is used to drive other endergonic reactions which is an example of energy coupling
        
        Transferring a phosphate group to another molecule is called Phosphoralytion (this is how ATP drives endergonic reactions)
        
        The molecule that receives the phosphate is the phosphorylated intermediate
- - - - Enzymes bind to certain spots of a substrate called the Active Site
        
        Substrates are held in place by weak ineractions
      - Induced Fit positions chemical groups at the Active site which helps them catalyze the reaction
- - - - Vitamin A
      - Vtamin B
      - Vitamin C
- - - - Anabolic Pathway
        
        break down complex into simple molecules
        
        Release energy
      - Catabolic Pathway
        
        build complex from simple molecules
        
        consume energy
    - - Study of how energy flows
      - Energy is the capacity to cause change
      - Kinetic
        
        energy of motion
      - Chemical
        
        Energy from release in chemical energy
      - Potential
        
        Stored energy from location and structure
      - Thermal
        
        Energy from movement of atoms and molecules
        
        Heat:Thermal energy transfer between objects
  - - - 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
        
        Every energy transfer/transformation increases the entropy of the universe
        
        Entropy is the net chaos/molecular disorder
      - 1st Law of Thermodynamics
        
        Energy is constant it cannot be created or destroyed
        
        Principle of the Law of Conservation of Energy
    - - Energy can be transferred between system and surroundings
    - - Energy is closed off and cannot be transferred