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Attachment (Bowlby's Theory of Monotropy (Evaluation (Contradictory…

- - - - Aim - To investigate the long-term effects of maternal deprivation
        Procedure - Opportunity sample of 88 children, 44 of which were juvenile thieves. Other 44 acted as a control. Each child had IQ tested and a social worker interviewed the parent for details of early life. Bowlby then conducted an interview with the child and the parent present.
        Findings - 14 of the 44 thieves showed affectionless psychopathy, 86% of affectionless psychopaths experienced periods of frequent maternal separation before the age of 5. Only 16% of the remaining thieves experienced separation. Only 2 in the control group experienced long-lasting separation.
        Conclusion - Maternal Separation/Deprivation in the child's early life can cause permanent damage to emotional development.
    - - Followed up to 20 orphans up to the age of 12. Of the original sample half had been fostered by four months of age whilst the other half remained in an orphanage. The IQ was assessed at age 12. It was found that the fostered group had an average IQ of 96 whereas the group that remained in the orphanage averaged an IQ of only 68
- - - - Aim - To see if early attachment types would influence adult romantic relationships
        Procedure - A love quiz was printed in a newspaper. The quiz asked questions about attitudes toward love and relationships and childhood relationships with parents.
        Findings - The researchers found that the percentages of adults in different attachment types roughly matched those of Ainsworth's investigation. They also found a positive correlation between attachment type and love/relationship experiences
        Conclusion - The researchers concluded that there is evidence of an internal working model having a lifelong effect on relationships
- - - - Supporting evidence - Guiton (1966) Rubber gloves
      - Issues with generalising from animals to humans - attachment system in mammals is different to those in birds.
      - Some of Lorenz's observations questioned - Guiton found that he could reverse the imprinting on rubber gloves
  - - - Extraneous variables - surrogates differed in more than cloth/wire, head if two surrogates were different. Monkeys may have preferred the cloth mother as it may have had a more attractive/species-specific head.
      - Difficulty generalising from animals to humans
      - Ethical Issues - created long lasting social and emotional damage. However can be justified on understanding it has given on attachment.
- - - - Low ecological validity - stranger and mother are acting according to a script across 8 unnatural episodes. Artificial and not life like
      - Ethical issues - Involves separating infants from caregivers in a strange environment which can cause distressv
      - Reliable measure of attachment - standardised and controlled
      - However separation is cut short if infants so extreme distress, and it is no more stressful than everyday life
      - Findings incomplete - there appears to be other attachment types such as Type D (Insecure Disorganised) (Main and Solomon)