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Developing American Identity 1820-1880 (Religion/Utopian Society (Second…

- - - - Group of recovering alcoholics founded Washingtonians to argue alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment
        
        German/Irish opposition: lacked political power to prevent state and city governments from passing reforms.
        
        Factory Owners and Politicians: joined reformers when it became clear that temeperance measures could reduce crime and poverty and icnrease workers' output on the job
        
        Issue of slavery overshadowed temperance movement.
- - - - Sarah and Angelina Grimke objected to male opposition to their antislavery activities.
        
        Seneca Falls Convention: Leading feminists met at Seneca Falls New York. First women's rights convention in American history. They issued a document closely modeled after Declaration of Independence.
        
        Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony led campaign for equal voting, legal, and property rights for women.
- - - - Calvinism was the counterattack against liberal beliefs
        
        Successful preachers were audience-centered and easily understood by the uneducated
        
        Salvation for all was preached. These groups consisted of Baptists, Methodists, and Mormons.
        
        Revivalism in New York took place in a series of revivals in upstate New York, where New Englanders settled. Finney appealed to people's emotions and fear of damnation. Prompted thousands of people to publicly declare their revived faith.
  - - - Amana Colonies: Iowa settlers that were Germans belonging to religious reform movement known as Pietism. Emphasized simple, communal living. But they allowed marriage and their communities continued to prosper.
        
        New Harmony: nonreligious experiment in Indiana made by Welsh industrialists and reformer Robert Owen. Owen hoped for an answer to the problem of inequity and alienation caused by Industrial Revolution. Failed because of financial problems and disagreements among members
        
        Oneida Community: John Humphrey Noyes started community in Oneida, New York. Ideal of perfect social and economic equality, community members shared property and marriage partners. Attacked for planned reproduction and communal child-rearing as a sinful experiment in "free love."
        
        Fourier Phalanxes: Theory of French socialist attracted the interest of many Americans. In response to problems of fiercely competitve society, Fourier advocated that people share work and housing in communities known as this. Died out quicky as Americans proved too individualistic to live communally.
- - - - American Antislavery Society: was an organization in opposition to slavery founded in 1833.
        
        In 1840, issues such as the role of women in the abolitionist movement, and role of abolitionists as a political party led to the division of the organization into the American Antislavery Society and Foreign Antislavery Society. Because the organization never had control over the many local antislavery societies, its division did not greatly damage abolitionism.
        
        Harriet Tubman, Fredrick Douglass, and all of the radical slave rebellions all showed whites that there was an issue that was continuously being compressed into slavery.
- - - - Higher education: the religious enthusiasm of Second Great Awakening helped fuel growth of private colleges.
        
        Small denominations of colleges in the Western states began to admit women as well.