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Chapter 8 and 9 (aerobic cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation…

- - - - 1 glucose
      - 2 NAD+ from ETS
      - 2 ADP + P
    - - ADP gives phosphate molecules to glucose
      - split in 2
      - NAD+ is transformed to HADH
    - - 2 ATP
      - 2 pyruvic acids
      - 2 NADH go to ETS
      - 2 H+
  - - - 2 pyruvic acids
      - 2 NAD+ from ETS
      - 2 coenzyme A
    - - 2 CO2
      - 2 NADH go to ETS
      - 2 acetyl CoA
  - - - 2 acetyl CoA
      - 6 NAD+ from ETS
      - 2 ADP + P
      - 2 FAD from ETS
    - - 4 CO2
      - 6 NADH to ETS
      - 2 FADH2 to ETS
      - 2 ATP
  - - - 10 NADH
      - 2 FADH2
      - O2
      - H+
      - ADP+P
    - - H2O
      - 32 or 34 ATP
      - NAD+
      - FAD
  - - - oxidized
      - electron donor
      - reducing agent
    - - reduced
      - electron gain
      - oxidizing agent
- - - - push endergonic processes
      - pairing
    - - moving across cell
    - - moving along cytoskeleton, bulk transport
    - - exergonic to endergonic in ether direction
      - Net deltaG
        
        sum of exogonic and endergonic together
  - - - makes something happen faster
    - - break bond: hydrolisis (breaking bond with water)
    - - the amount of energy it takes to complete something
      - enzymes neccesary
    - - reactant that enzyme bond with
      - forms enzyme- substrate concentration
        
        enzymes can be saturated
        
        effected by temperature and pH
    - - enzyme that has to mold itself into its substrate
    - - anything that helps enzyme
      - organic (vitamin) and inorganic (minerals)
    - - competitive and noncompetitive
    - - inactive to active with activator
      - can stabilize inactive/ active
- - - - thermodynamics
      - organisms are in open systems
        
        energy and matter are transferred between it and its surroundings
      - first law of thermodynamics
        
        the energy of the universe s constant
        
        energy can be transferred or transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed
        
        also called the principle of conservation of energy
      - second law
        
        in every energy transfer, some energy is unusable and lost to heat
        
        every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe
        
        entropy is the measure of molecular disorder
        
        spontaneous processes
        
        occur without energy, happen quick or slow
- - - - muscle fatigue