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OdessaHernandoCentralNervousSystem (Spinal Cord (Conus Medullaris:…
OdessaHernandoCentralNervousSystem
Cerebrum
Lobes:
frontal:
contains functional area for thinking, planning, decision making, working memory, and other executive functions
parietal:
process sensory stimuli
conscious awareness of somatic sensation
spacial awareness of objects and sensations
understanding of speech
occipital:
visual cortex
temporal:
auditory and olfactory cortex
language comprehension and in emotional response and memory
insula:
covered by parts of temporal, parietal, and frontal lobes
visceral sensory cortex for taste and general visceral sensations
Pre and Post Central Gyri:
post-central gyrus:
posterior to central sulcus
have primary somatic sensory cortex
pre-central gyrus:
contains primary motor cortex
lies anterior to central sulcus
Broca vs Wernicke:
Broca: Frontal lobe
area in motor speech
helps in movements required to produce speech
Wernicke: parietal and temporal lobe
sensory area
helps in understanding speech
using the correct words to express our thoughts
3 tracts:
projection tract
carry information between cerebum and body
superior to brainstem
carry signals to cerebral cortex
commissural tract
interconnect corresponding gray areas of right and left cerebral hemisphere
allows two hemispheres to function together
largest commissure is the corpus callosum
association tract
connect different parts of same hemisphere
Diencephalon
Thalamus:
located between cerebral cortex and midbrain
sensory and motor signal relay especially to regulate sleep and consciousness
forms superolateral wall of 3rd ventricle
Epithalamus:
third and most dorsal part of diencephalon
connect limbic system to other parts of brain
secretion of melatonin
contains pineal glands that secretes hormones from pituitary gland
also regulate motor pathways and emotions
hypothalamus
located below thalamus
sends important hormones around body
forms the inferolateral walls of 3rd ventricle
brain stem
Midbrain:
located below cerebral cortex
functions in motor movement, eye movement, auditory and visual processing
Pons:
located above medulla oblongata and below midbrain
relay messages from cortex and cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata:
caudal part of brain stem
helps regulate breathing, heart, digestion, and swallowing
anterior to cerebellum
Cerebellum
Function of Cerebellum:
smooths ans coordinates body movements that are directed by other brain regions
helps maintain posture and equilibrium
3 Cerebellar Penducles:
superior cerebellar peduncles
connects cerebellum to midbrain
carrying efferent instructions from cerebellum toward cerebral cortex
middle cerebellar peduncles
connects pons to cerebellum and carry efferent information from cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei into cerebellum
inferior cerebellar peduncles
arise from medulla
carry primarily afferent fibes from vestibular nuclei and from spinal cord
Spinal Cord
Conus Medullaris:
tapered, lower end of spinal cord
Cauda Equina:
located lower end of spinal cord and send and receive messages to and from legs and feet
Filum Terninale:
a long filament of connective tissue, which extends from conus medullaris and attaches to coccyx inferiorly
Anterior Root:
motor fibers passing anteriorly toward front on spinal cord
Posterior Root:
sensory fibers passing posteriorly through intervertebral foremen towards back of spinal cord
CNS protection
3 Meniges:
arachoid mater
lies deep to dura matter
projects into sinuses formed by dura matter
arachnoid granulations transfer cerebrospinal fluid from ventricles back to bloodstream
dura matter
strongest matter
surrounds the brain and it's a two layered sheet of dense fibrous connective tissue
collect blood from brain and conduct it to large internal jugular veins
pia matter
layer of delicate connective tissue richly vascularized with fine blood vessels
clings tightly to brain surface
subarachnoid space:
spanned by weblike threads that holds arachnoid matter to pia matter
filled with cerebrospinal fluid
contains the largest blood vessels that supply brain
dural sinuses:
drain all venous blood within cranial cavity
delivers back to cardiovascular circulation
epidural space
area between dura matter and vertebral wall
contains fat and small blood vessels