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Community Ecology (predator-prey interactions (feeding rate & handling…
Community Ecology
predator-prey interactions
one species of prey
attacked by one species of predator
natural communities
plant attacked by multiple predators
one predator one prey
understanding how humans should harvest prey
feeding rate & handling time
feeding rate
finds a new prey
handling time
the amount of time to consume
functional response
feed rate higher
with more prey around
predators functional rate
prey-dependent
dependent on prey density
zero-growth isocline
shows effect of prey density on predator population
paradox of enrichment
improvs condition for prey
leads the predator to overexploit prey
both species will be lost
loss in species diversity when habitat is improved
maximum sustained yield
theoretical thought
harvest enough of the species to keep the population density
fixed effort harvesting
population health
amount of prey can be harvested with effort
fixed quota harvesting
fisherman & hunters
allowed to harvest a particular amount
metapopulations in patchy environments
many areas for populations
several local populations
interconnected by gene flow
migration
source habitat
high quality patch
sink habitat
low quality patch
patch
animals
flying, walking, swimming
plants
dispersal of seeds or spores
empty patches
not surplus or spare or uneeded
migration between patches
important due to global warming
fugitive species
survives by colonizing new patches
florist temporarily
colonizes more patches
assisted dispersal
animals are captured
moved into new area
in plants seeds are moved
Concepts
Community
group of species together
same place same time
have boundaries
come into existence then cease
succession
predictable changes in species
major disturbance in community
habitat loss
process making habitat unable to support
example: cities, mining climate change
climax community
disrupted patch goes through succession
stability returns
habitat fragmentation
large habitat to smaller one
region becomes uninhabitable
example: building forest canals
community restoration
people living in harmony with nature
Diversity
more than one species
species checklist
measure species richness
diversity & scale
scales
larger areas are more diverse
diversity
types of organisms,
they adapt to aspects of the area
species-area relationship
relationship between area & species
formula S=cA
species abundance distribution
plotting numbers of species in each abundance
diversity & latitude
same sized areas have smaller diversity in colder climates or warmer climates
plants adapt to freezing temps with no water
geographical & geological
plants & animals
have years to evolve & adapt
predator selection among multiple prey
predators choice of prey
particular prey will be encountered
to attack individual once encountered
will the prey successfully be eaten
optimal foraging theory
interaction between choice of prey factors
try to understand why herbivores eat plants & ignore others
competition between species
interference competition
one organism restricts another organism
exploration competition
organisms eat same resources
less available for other organisms
compete for same resources
apparent competition
all prey are low
then predators are low
increase in plant species
decreases the other species
plants aren't competing for, using resources
interconnectedness of species:food and chain webs
tropic levels
primary producers
plants, algae
primary consumers
herbivore
secondary consumers
carnivore
food chain
direct line of consumption
food web
trace all prey to the top carnivores
keystone species
presence or absents of species
Beneficial interactions between species
mutualism
both organisms benefit
pollinators and the plants they pollinate
facilitions
one organism helps the other without receiving benefits
on species changed environment
nurse plants
example of facilltions
enhances the reproduction of neighboring species
primary succession
organism become established
Newley created substrates
example
volcanos form substrates
lava flow & ash
