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Poultry (Practical (Egg quality (Yolk colour chart (13) --> Consumer…

- - - - 52kg/person/yr
      - $10-12kg
        
        High FCR (1.68) --> Low Cost
    - - Conventional (85%)
        
        Raised intensively on litter in environmentally controlled sheds
      - Free range (15%)
        
        Access outside from 21 days
      - Organic (<1%)
    - - Hatchery
        
        21.5 day incubation
        
        Temperature, humidity and rotation IMPORTANT
        
        Day old --> Spray vaccination
        
        Beak trimming
      - Grower farm
        
        Brooding (0 (30-33^C) --> 21 (21^C) days)
        
        Chick distribution indicative of condition optimisation
        
        Products
        
        21 days --> Spatchcock (890g)
        
        32-33 days --> KFC (1.8kg)
        
        37 days --> Roto whole bird (2.5kg)
        
        41 days --> Charcoal chickens (2.6kg)
        
        49 days --> Cuts and fillets (3.5-4kg)
    - - Cobb
      - Ross
    - - Considerations
        
        Least cost formulation: Meets nutritional requirements at lowest cost
        
        Adequate water necessary --> Drink twice as much as eaten
        
        No additional hormones since 1970s
      - Types
        
        0-14 days --> Starter
        
        15-28 days --> Grower
        
        29-49 days --> Finisher
      - 60-70% of production cost
      - Nutrients
        
        Protein --> Soybean, cotton seed, canola, meat meal
        
        Carbohydrates (50-75% of diet) --> Cereals (wheat, sorghum, maize)
        
        Amino acids
        
        Lysine (lean meat production)
        
        Methionine (feather production)
        
        Minerals (skeleton) --> Ca, Na, K, Mg, P, Cl
        
        Vitamins (premix) --> A, B, D, E
        
        Fats --> Oils
        
        Salt
  - - - Increasing number of eggs/hen
      - Increasing egg consumption/person
        
        Drop in 2000s --> Fear of cholesterol --> Bad for heart health
      - NSW highest producing state (33%)
    - - Cage (50%)
      - Free range (40%)
      - Barn (10%)
    - - Hatchery
        
        21.5 day incubation
        
        Spray/injection vaccination
        
        Sexing
        
        Female Hy-line --> Buffy red
        
        Male Hy-line --> Yellow/white
        
        Beak trimming
        
        Removal of 1/2 upper and 1/3 lower
      - Pullet rearing farm
        
        Brooding (0-21 days)
      - Layer facility
        
        16-17 weeks --> Arrival
        
        16-18 weeks --> First egg
        
        28 weeks --> Peak lay
        
        29+ weeks --> Free range after trained to lay in box
        
        78 weeks --> Culled
    - - Types
        
        0-4 weeks--> Starter
        
        5-10 weeks --> Grower
        
        11-15 weeks --> Pullet
        
        15-17 weeks --> Pre-lay
      - Nutrients
        
        Calcium critical
    - - Isa Brown
      - Hy-line
  - - - Vaccination
      - Medication
    - - Temperature
      - Lighting
        
        Layers
        
        Continuous for 3 days
        
        Reduced gradually to 10 hours at 7 weeks
        
        Increased to 16 hours max from 14-19 weeks
      - Ventilation
      - Flooring
    - - Automated feeding and watering
- - - - Femur angulation --> Slipped tendon
    - - Cartilage plug in growth plate
    - - Solution = Slow start egg shell temp
        
        Later hatch time
        
        Higher take-off bone ash
        
        Decreased latency to lie
      - Cause = High incubation temp
        
        30% of life in ovo
  - - - Symptoms
        
        Depression and death
        
        Swollen and blue comb and wattle
      - 5 outbreaks (H7N4) in Aus.
        
        No human infection
      - H5N1 widespread in Eurasia
      - H5N2 USA 2014-15
        
        7.5 million turkeys culled
        
        10% increase in cost
        
        42.1 million chickens culled
        
        17% increase in cost
        
        Originated in British Columbia via waterfowl
        
        Cause = Biosecurity inadequacies
        
        $800 million to US government
        
        $3 billion to poultry industry
      - Vector = Wild waterfowl
  - - - Happier birds
      - Higher risk of disease + cannabalism
    - - Relatively low corticosterone level in albumen
      - Higher egg production
      - Lower mortality
- - - - Originally pure breeds or lines of M and F stock
      - Today crossbreeding to improve productivity
        
        Plymouth Rock
        
        Cornish
    - - 40-50g at hatch --> 2.6kg at 41 days (FCR = 1.68)
      - Causes
        
        Genetic improvement (60%)
        
        Improved nutrition (25%)
        
        Husbandry and management (15%)
  - - - 12 million male chicks euthanised/year
        
        Reasons
        
        Cannot lay eggs
        
        Body unfit for meat production
        
        Costs
        
        Incubation of male embryos
        
        Sexing of chicks at hatch
        
        Euthanasia
      - Techniques
        
        Day of laying --> Trap egg's metabolic products (volatile organic compounds) and determine M or F signatures
        
        2s/embryo
        
        Avoids incubation
        
        Consumption possible
        
        <72 hours --> Sex chromosome identification via IR light scattering by blood vessels
        
        15s/embryo
        
        Day 9 --> Biomarker analysis of allantoic fluid via needle extraction
        
        CSIRO --> Parent flock injected with green fluorescent protein gene that marks male chromosome
        
        Form of genetic modification
        
        Easy removal of marked embryos