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Community Ecology (Predator-Prey interactions (paradox of enrichment (loss…
Community Ecology
Predator-Prey interactions
one predator one prey
understanding how humans should harvest prey
one species of prey
they are attacked by one species of predator
natural communities
plant attacked by multiple predators
feeding rate and handling time
feeding rate
find a new prey
handling time
the amount of time it takes to consume
functional response
feed rate is higher
more prey is around
predators functional response
prey dependent
dependent on prey density
maximum sustained yield
theoretical thought
harvest enough of the species/prey to keep the population density
zero growth isocline
shows the effect of prey density on predator density
paradox of enrichment
loss of species diversity when the habitat is improved
improves condition for prey
both species are lost
leads predator to overexploit prey
fixed quota harvesting
fisherman and hunters
allowed to harvest a particular amount
fixed effort harvesting
population health
amount of prey that can be harvested with effort
Metapopulation in patchy environment
many areas for populations
source habitat
high quality patch
sink habitat
low quality patch
fugitive species
colonizes more patches
florist temporarily
they survive by colonizing more patches
assisted dispersal
animals are captured
they are moved into new areas
plant seeds are moved
several local populations
interconnected by gene flow
migration
patch
migration between patches
important due to global warming
animals
walking, flying, swimming
plants
the dispersal of seeds or spores
empty patches
not surplus or spores or unneeded
Concepts
Community
group of species together
the same place same time
come into existence and then cease
habitat loss
process making habitat unable to support
some examples are climate change and mining
habitat fragmentation
the region becomes uninhabitable
large habitat to a smaller one
building forest canals is an example
succession
a major disturbance in the community
predictable change to the species
climax community
stability is returned
disrupted patch goes through succession
community restoration
living in harmony with nature
Diversity
more than one species
species checklist
measures species richness
species abundance distribution
plotting numbers of species in each abundance
diversity and latitude
same sized areas have smaller diversity in colder climates or in warmer climates
plants adapt to freezing temps with no water
geographical and geological
plants and animals
have years to evolve and adapt
diversity and scale
scales
larger areas are more diverse
diversity
types of organisms
they adapt to aspects of the area
species-area relationship
formula: S=cA
relationship between area & species
Predator selection among multiple prey
predators choice of prey
particular prey will be encountered
will the prey successfully be eaten
to attack individual once encountered
optimal foraging theory
the interaction between choice of prey factors
try to understand why herbivores eat plants and ignore the others
competition between species
compete for the same resources
exploration competition
organisms eat the same resources
less available for other organisms
interference competition
one organism restricts another
apparent competition
all prey are low
causes predators to be low
plants aren't for competing for, only using resources
increase in plant species
decreases the other species
Interconnectedness of species: food and chain webs
trophic levels
primary producers
plants and algae
primary consumers
herbivores
secondary consumers
carnivores
food web
trace all prey to the top carnivores
food chain
direct line of consumers
keystone species
the presence or absence of species
Beneficial interactions between species
mutualism
both organisms benefit
pollinators and the plant they pollinate
primary succession
organism becomes established
newly created substrates
example
lava flow and ash
volcanoes from substrates
