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Developing American Identity 1820-1850 (Temperance (Temperance crusaders…
Developing American Identity 1820-1850
Temperance
Temperance crusaders used lectures, pamphlets, and revival-style rallies to warm people of the dangers of alcohol.
Alcohol abuse was common in the early 1800s, especially in the West and among urban workers.
Reformers blamed alcohol for poverty, the breakup of families, and crime. They called for temperance, drinking little or no alcohol.
The movement gained a major victory in 1851, when Maine passed a law banning the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages. Other states passed similar laws, but most were repealed within several years.
The largest organization established to advocate temperance was the American Temperance Society. By the mid-1830s, more than 200,000 people belonged to this organization. The American Temperance Society published tracts and hired speakers to depict the negative effects of alcohol upon people.
Abolitionist movement
In early 1831, Garrison, in Boston, began publishing his famous newspaper, the Liberator, supported largely by free African-Americans, who always played a major role in the movement.
flooded the North with antislavery literature, agents, and petitions demanding that Congress end all federal support for slavery.
attracted significant participation by women, also denounced the American Colonization Society’s program of voluntary gradual emancipation and black emigration.
All these activities provoked widespread hostile responses from North and South, most notably violent mobs, the burning of mailbags containing abolitionist literature
The abolitionist movement was a social and political push for the immediate emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.
Education
in Massachusetts, Horace Mann became the state's supervisor of education. pay taxes to build better schools, to pay teachers higher salaries and to establish special training schools for teachers.
By the mid-1800s, most states had accepted three basic principles of public education: that school should be free and supported by taxes, that teachers should be trained and that children should be required to attend school.
the common school movement sought to make a school experience a mandatory part of every child’s upbringing. Although school reformers throughout the nation joined in the common cause, the obstacles they encountered varied from state to state.
By 1850, many states in the North and West used Mann's ideas. But America still did not offer education to everyone. Most high schools and colleges did not admit females. When towns did allow African Americans to attend school, most made them go to separate schools that received less money.
Education for women did make some progress. In 1837, Ohio's Oberlin College became the first college to accept women, in addition to men. In 1837, Mary Lyon founded Mount Holyoke, the nation's first permanent women's college.
Women
The less fortunate women worked in factories. Women could not vote. Married women gave their preexisting property to their husbands and they could not write a will.
In many cases, women could not keep the money they earned and returned it to their husband or father. common belief was that women belonged in the home (cooking, cleaning/housework, taking care of children, etc.)
Women participated in reform movements and for instance they marched in parades, they boycotted, attended meetings and public talks, gathered petitions and books.
The 1800’s was a time when most women were dominated by men. Women were relegated to their duties at home and raising their families. Wives were the property of their husbands. Women could not make any financial decisions.
Many women attended the first World-Anti slavery convention, however they were prevented from speaking.
Some women sheltered fugitive slaves in their homes. They educated themselves in the legal role of women in opposition of not being able to speak
Religion
Inspired by lofty ideals to improve mankind and end social discord, some people during this period attempted to create new Utopian Communities based on cooperation and communism.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, or Mormons, also emerged from western New York. Founded by Joseph Smith in 1830, the Mormons believed that God had entrusted them with a new set of scriptures called the Book of Mormon.
Hundreds of roving preachers began to spread a variety of gospels on circuit routes, setting up Revivalist Camps in rural areas that attracted thousands of new converts.
Second Great Awakening, this renewed interest in religion arose primarily as a backlash against the Enlightenment and so-called “age of reason” that had inspired thinkers such as Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and Thomas Paine.
attracted different social groups. Most of the new denominations attracted poor, uneducated followers in the West and South. Less frenzied denominations, such as the Unitarians, Episcopalians, and Presbyterians, in wealthier cities in the North.