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Developing American identity 1820-1880 (Religion/ Utopian Society (Second…
Developing American identity 1820-1880
Religion/ Utopian Society
Second Great Awakening began because educated people who were encouraged to become preachers. The audiences of these preachers were large and of all classes because they preached that all people could reach salvation.
A series of revivals occurred in New York when a Presbyterian preacher talked about reaching salvation through hard work and faith, which was appealing to the working class
Millennialism came from the belief that the world was going to end when Jesus came for the second time. William Miller gained thousands of followers and even though the world didn't end, millennialism became a branch of Christianity.
Mormons were founded by Joseph Smith, who preached from the book of mormons and saw a connection between Indians and the tribes that were lost in Israel. He moved from New York all the way to Chicago where he was killed by a mob. Mormons fled to Utah to create their community called New Zion under Brigham Young. Mormons were able to prosper in the wild but were not welcomed in the U.S because of their practice of polygamy.
The Second Great Awakening led to many new divisions in religions from the old and new churches. In the Northern States, the awakening also led to social reforms with religious activist groups drove more reform movements in the antebellum era.
Temperance
the rate of alcohol consumption was so high that it was an average of five gallons of hard liquor per person and was the next target of reformers
Protestant ministers and other people concerned with drinking used morals to stop alcohol consumption and founded the american temperance society
recovering alcoholics became the Washingtonians and said that alcoholism was a disease that needed to be treated
German and Irish immigrants were against the movement but did not have any political power to prevent the reform and eventually workers and politicians joined the movement
Maine was the first state to ban alcohol sale and 12 states followed after the civil war but the reform was put to the side during the slavery movement
Abolitionist Movement
The second great awakening convinced many christians that slavery was a sin and needed to be abolished right away.
One solution to the growing population of slaves was to create slave colonies in africa and they transported only a few thousand slaves as the population grew to millions in america
Some people thought the only way to get rid of slavery was through politics and had James Birney run for president two times. Others such as Walker and Garnet went the extreme way and felt that salves should ride up and revolt
Escaped slaves and free blacks felt that both ways were going to free African Americas. They helped slaves run to Canada or the North where slavery was illegal and started journals about anti slavery.
Education
The movement for free public education started when middle-class people were scared of the growing number of poor immigrants and native-born Americans
Horace Mann lead the movement for public schools by increasing school days, teachers workforce, and making attendance required and the movement spread to all of America
There was also an increase in the teachings of moral principles as the schools began to teach about sobriety, hard work, and being punctual. This angered Roman Catholics because the schools weer teaching many protestant views and they founded private catholic schools.
New private colleges emerged bu protestant groups and other colleges were created and accepted women as well as adults getting educated.
Women
The Cult of Domesticity was created because while men were out all day in the factories women took charge of the household and the children. It idealized women as the moral leaders of the home.
Women who were apart of the antislavery movement especially resented men putting a stop on their views being announced.They campaigned for women's rights when Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were denied speaking at an anti slavery convention.
Seneca Falls Convention was held and it was the first woman's rights convention in American history. The Declaration of Sentiments was modeled after the declaration of independence and stated that all men and women are equal.
Women continued to fight for voting rights and property ownership but were overshadowed when the slavery issue was a bigger problem.