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Developing American Identity 1820-1880 (Abolitionist Movement (The…
Developing American Identity 1820-1880
Temperance
Movement began by using moral exhortation. In 1826, protestant ministers and others founded the American Temperance society. The society tried to persuade drinkers to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence.
German and Irish immigrants were largely opposed to the temperance campaign but lacked the political power to prevent state and city govs from passing reforms.
The high rate of alcohol consumption promoted reformer to target alcohol as the cause of social ills and led temperance to become the most popular of reform movements.
In the 1850s, the abolitionist movement started to overshadow the temperance movement, however the temperance movement wold gain strength again in the late 1870s and achieve national success with the passage of the 19th amendment in 1919.
Women
Industrialization also changed roles within families. With men took jobs outside the home to work for wages, it left the women to be in charge of the household and children. This idealized view of women was called the cult of domesticity.
Women reformers, especially those involved in the anti-slavery movement, resented the way men reflects them to secondary roles in the movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions.
Because of the Industrial Revolution, the economic value of children were reduced. Birth control reduced family sizes from 7.04 family member to 5.42 family members. More affluent women now had the leisure time to devote to religious and moral reform society.
The Seneca Falls Convention (1848) was the leading feminists meeting in Seneca Falls for a convention for women's rights-the first one in history. Their "Declaration of Sentiments," modeled after the declaration of independence, declared that "all men and women are created equal."
Abolitionist Movement
The Underground Railroad was a network of free Northern blacks and brave ex-slaves. Along with the help of some abolitionists, helped many escaped slaves reach freedom in the North or Canada.
In 1863, President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring slaves free in the South.
The passage of the Fugitive Slave Law's purpose was to track down runaway slaves who had escaped to a Northern state, capture them and return them to their Southern owners. The Fugitive Slave Law drove a wedge between the North and the South.
Abolitionism was partly fueled by the religious fervor of the Second Great Awakening, which prompted many people to advocate for emancipation on religious grounds.
Abolitionist movement was a political and social push for the emancipation of all slaves and the end of racial discrimination and segregation.
In 1865, a 13th amendment is adopted to the constitution-ending all slavery in the United States.
Education
Horace Mann was the leading advocate of the public school movement. Mann worked for compulsorily attendance for all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation. In the 1840s the movement spread rapidly to other states.
Mann and other educational reformers wanted children to learn morals principles, not just basic literacy. Williams Holmes McGuffey, a Pennsylvania teacher, a created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely used to teach reading and morality.
The est. of free public schools was motivated by the middle class' fears for the future of the republic posed by growing numbers of the uneducated poor.
Because of the religious enthusiasm of the 2nd Great Awakening, private colleges began to grow. Protestant denominations founded small colleges especially in newer western states. And simultaneously, several new colleges began to admit women.
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