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Developing American Identity 1820 - 1880, Education (. The first schools…
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Education
. The first schools in the 13 colonies opened in the 17th century. The Boston Latin School was the first public school opened in the United States, in 1635.
Early public schools in the United States did not focus on academics like math or reading. Instead they taught the virtues of family, religion, and community.
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By the mid-19th century, academics became the sole responsibility of public schools.
In the South, public schools were not common during the 1600s and the early 1700s. Affluent families paid private tutors to educate their children.
Common Schools emerged in the 18th century. These schools educated students of all ages in one room with one teacher. Students did not attend these schools for free. Parents paid tuition, provided housing for the school teacher, or contributed other commodities in exchange for their children being allowed to attend the school.
By 1900, 31 states had compulsory school attendance for students from ages 8-14. By 1918, every state required students to complete elementary school.
The idea of a progressive education, educating the child to reach his full potential and actively promoting and participating in a democratic society, began in the late 1800s and became widespread by the 1930s. John Dewey was the founder of this movement.
Through the 1960s, the United States had a racially segregated system of schools. This was despite the 1954 Brown vs. Board Supreme Court ruling. By the late 1970s segregated schooling in the United States was eliminated.
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Temperance
During the early decades of the 1800s, a religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening took root in the United States. The revival had an impact on the temperance movement in two significant ways.
First, it preached against all alcohol consumption.
Second, it taught that salvation was possible through good works, inspiring many people to become involved in social reform.
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1919 with the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, an amendment that took effect the following year. For nearly thirteen years, a period known as the Prohibition era, the creation, transport, and sale of alcohol was against the law.
Instead of solving alcohol-related problems, however, Prohibition actually made them worse. Crime rates skyrocketed as the illegal production, transportation, and sale of alcohol thrived.
Referred to at the time as "a noble experiment," Prohibition largely failed as a social reform movement. It failed to stop people from drinking alcohol, and it failed in its goal to promote the good morals and clean living of American citizens.
Toward the end of the 1700s and into the 1800s, more and more religious leaders began expressing the view that drinking alcoholic beverages led to sin and would prevent salvation, being saved from one's sins and allowed to enter heaven after death.
From the beginning, women dominated the temperance movement.
it was widely believed they could save souls by preaching abstinence from alcohol and helping others to lead clean, healthy, moral lives
Abolitionist Movement
Slavery
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Militant Activists increased pressure including John Brown’s raid at the federal arsenal in Harper’s Ferry
Anti-slavery propaganda by Journalists and Authors such as Anthony Benezet, David Walker, William Ellery Channing, William Lloyd Garrison, Elijah Lovejoy, Frederick Douglass and Harriet Beecher Stowe
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1725 - 1750: The First Great Awakening began in 1725, sparked by George Whitefield bringing about activism in social reform
1791–1804: A slave revolt started on the coffee and sugar plantations in the French colony of Saint-Domingue in Haiti. Over 60,000 people were killed
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