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Developing American Identity 1820-1880 (Temperance (The high rate of…
Developing American Identity 1820-1880
Temperance
The high rate of alcohol consumption prompted reformers to target alcohol as the cause of social ills and explains why temperance became the most popular of the reform movements
Irish and German immigrants opposed to the temperance campaign but they lacked the political power to prevent state and city governments from passing reforms.
In 1826, people were concerned with drinking and its effects in Americans so they tried to persuade drinkers to take a pledge of total abstinence.
Factory owners and politicians joined with the reformers when it became clear that temperance measures could reduce crime and poverty and increase workers' output on the job.
Argued that alcoholism was a disease that needed practical, helpful treatment.
Women
Women reformers resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions.
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, began campaigning for women's rights after they had been barred from speaking at an antislavery convention.
Industrialization: when men took jobs outside the home to work for salaries or wages in an office or a factory, women were absent most of the time. As a result, the women in these households who remained at home took charge of the household and children. The idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home is called the cult of domesticity.
The leading feminists issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Their "Declaration of Sentiments" declared that "all women and men are created equal" and listed women's grievances against laws and customs that discriminated against them.
Religion/Utopian society
The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony was first tried in 1817 with the founding of the American Colonization Society. And in 1822, the American Colonization Society established an African American settlement
Between 1820 and 1860, only about 12,000 African Americans were settled in Africa, while the slave population increased by 2.5 million.
William Lloyd Garrison began publication of an abolitionist newspaper, an event that marks the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement. In 1833, Garrison and other abolitionists founded the American Antislavery Society.
Education
Jacksonian era focused on the need for establishing free public schools for children of all classes.
Horace Mann was the leading advocate of the common school movement. He worked for compulsory attendance or all children, a longer school year, and increased teacher preparation. In the 1840s, the movement for public schools spread rapidly to other states.
Mann and other educational reformers wanted children to learn not only basic literacy, but also moral principles.
Roman Catholics founded private schools for the instruction of Catholic children opposing to the Protestant tone of the public schools.
Adult education was furthered by lyceum lecture societies, which brought speakers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson to small town audiences.
Abolitionist
Garrison's radicalism soon led to a split in the abolitionist movement and then a group of northerners formed the Liberty party in 1840. They ran James Birney as their candidate for president. The party's one campaign pledge was to bring about the end of slavery by political and legal means
Escaped slaves and free African Americans were among the most outspoken and convincing critics of slavery. Fredrick Douglass, a former slave, could speak about the brutality and degradation of slavery from firsthand experience. And other African American leaders such as Harriet Tubman and Sojourner Truth helped organize the effort to assist fugitive slaves escape to free territory in the North or to Canada where slavery was prohibited.
The most radical solution to the slavery question was advocated by David Walker and Henry Highland Garnet who were northern African Americans. They argued that slaves should take action themselves by rising up in revolt against their owners. Slaves have killed several whites but whites have killed hundreds of African Americans in brutal fashion and put down the revolt. After the revolt, fear of future uprisings as well as Garrison's inflamed rhetoric put an end to antislavery talk in the South.