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Determiners and Pronouns (Pronouns (Norwegian 'det' (that (e.g.…
Determiners and Pronouns
Articles
definite article
combines with all types of common nouns (countable, uncountable, singular, plural)
e.g.
the
judges
e.g.
the
animal
e.g.
the
loaf of bread
indefinite article
subject predicative
English requires an indefinite article w/ NP in predicative
e.g. John is
a
teacher
e.g. She is
a
Buddhist
e.g. She is
a
member of the board
direct object
English often requires an indefinite article w/ countable nouns
e.g. buy
a
ticket
e.g. have
a
car
numbers
Indefinite article ALWAYS proceeds:
e.g.
a
hundred
e.g.
a
thousand
e.g.
a
hundred thousand
zero article
no article to build indefinite noun phrases w/ uncountable and plural countable nouns
e.g. cars, sparrows, tea
generic reference
plural definite forms
English requires indefinite forms for generic reference
e.g.
the
French
uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns requires the zero article to express generic reference
e.g. The songs are about
life, death
and
love
. e.g. We must go back to
nature
problems
referring to institutions
zero article w/ some nouns denoting institutions unless it's a specific institution
e.g. Do you go to
church
? e.g. Don't you like
school
?
meals
Same as w/ referring to institutions
e.g.
Dinner
is at six
time expressions
Nouns for the months and the days of the week usually take the zero article
e.g.
Spring
is a beautiful season e.g.
Easter
is late this year
Pronouns
personal pronouns
I, you, they, them, he, she,it
1st & 2nd person pronouns
e.g.
I
and
my
family
e.g.
You
have to have a great sense of timing
3rd person pronouns
e.g.
He
ran into the fence
e.g. I don't like
it
e.g.
She
thought of the city as a galaxy
gender-neutral reference
e.g. A
doctor
should take good care of
his
patients
e.g. A
doctor
should take good care of
their
patients
referring in general
e.g. In Norway
we
eat a lot of fish
e.g.
You
never know what will happen next
e.g.
They
say you can still hear their screams
it
It
can be used non-referentially
e.g.
It
's raining
e.g.
It
's important to act quickly
Norwegian 'det'
that
e.g.
Det
visste eg ikkje.
e.g. I didn't know
that
so
e.g. Eg trur ikkje
det
e.g. I don't think
so
ellipsis
often no O or P after V
e.g. Ja,
det
gjer eg
e.g. Yes, I do
there
det
corresponds to existential
there
what
e.g. Eg kjøper
det
du vil ha
e.g. I buy
what
you want
reflexive & reciprocal pronouns
reflexive pronoun
myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves
reflexive verbs
e.g.
Behave
yourself
usually not reflexive in English
reciprocal pronouns
e.g. They hardly ever speak to
each other
e.g. We must all help
one another
the pronoun one
e.g.
One
should not try to mimic
one's
teachers
e.g. She's bought a new coat instead of using her old
one
.
possessive pronouns
mine, yours, ours, his, hers, theirs
demonstrative pronouns
like personal pronoun it marks an entity as known as well as specifying whether the entity is near or far from the speaker
e.g. Could you give her one of
these
?
e.g. Where did you get
those
?
e.g. What do you mean by
that
?
e.g. [...]
This
means that we have to bring back polka.
indefinite pronouns
some, any, anybody, anyone, anything, everything, everyone, everything, nobody, no one, nothing, somebody, someone, something, all, each, none
wh-pronouns
which
vs.
who
e.g.
Which
would you choose? (love or money?)
e.g. J.R.R. Tolkien,
who
wrote LotR, was a linguist.
who
vs.
whom
e.g. She left her husband, to
whom
she had been married to for twenty years (following preposition)
which
vs.
what
e.g.
What
do you want?
e.g.
Which
(of these) do you want?
DETERMINERS
There can be more than one determiner in a noun phrase
numerals
cardinal
e.g.
one
,
two
,
fifty
,
seventy-nine
ordinal
e.g.
first
,
second
,
fiftieth
,
seventy-ninth
quantifying determiners
singular countable
e.g.
every/each
girl,
either
girl,
one
girl,
any
girl
plural countable
e.g.
all
(the) girls,
more
girls,
many
girls,
lots of
girls,
fewer
girls, etc...
uncountable
e.g.
all
(the) salt,
more
salt,
enough
salt, (a)
little
salt,
less
salt, etc...
the s-genitive
e.g. its, Betty's, Tuesday's
possessive determiners
their, her, his, its, my, our
demonstrative determiners
similar to definite article, but also specify the referent's number and whether the referent is near or distant
singular
near
e.g.
this
bunny
distant
e.g.
that
bunny
plural
near
e.g.
these
bunnies
distant
e.g.
those
bunnies
Also used to indicate a
situational
reference,
anaphoric
reference (refer back to the immediately preceding text),
cataphoric
reference (determiner that is clarified by the following postmodifier),
psychological
distance, and
introductory this/these
Situational
e.g. Look at
this
map (here)
e.g. Look at
that
man (over there)
location in time:
this
+ noun = present/future
that
+ noun = past
e.g.
This
summer I'm going to Greece. e.g.
That
summer I went to California
Anaphoric
e.g. They were reading stories to each other.
These
stories were about countries far away.
Cataphoric
e.g. She smiled
that
sort of smile that made men and women alike melt.
Psychological distance
e.g. I just keep seeing
those
pictures on
that
wall.
This
one picture really creeps me out.
Introductory
e.g. There's
this
boy I know from Uni
e.g. Last night I met
those
girls running around in town.
wh
-determiners
Interogative determiners
what
,
which
,
whose
Relative determiners
whose
,
which
Indefinite determiners
whatever
,
whichever
Predeterminer in exclamations
what
Some
vs.
Any
Some
positive, asserting the truth of something
e.g. She asked for
some
money
e.g. I must remember to buy
some
wine
e.g.
Some
people believe in ghosts.
assertive
Any
negative, interrogative, conditional clauses
e.g. She didn't ask for
any
money
e.g. There isn't
any
left.
non-assertive