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Central Nervous System (Cerebrum (3 white matter tracts (1) Association -…
Central Nervous System
Cerebrum
Occipital Lobe - visual cortex
Parietal Lobe - receives & processes sensory info, awareness of body, sound, and objects, and conscious awareness of somatic sensations (touch, pressure, skin)
Temporal Lobe - auditory & olfactory cortex, awareness of body, sound, and objects, language & emotional responses
Frontal Lobe - plan & initiate voluntary movement, think, decisioning
Precentral Gyrus - primary motor cortex that initiates body movement and contains pyramidal cell neurons; forearms, fingers and face
Postcentral Gyrus - primary somatosensory cortex; conscious & spatial awareness ; understands speech
Wernicke Area - understand speech, names viewed objects & reads words
Broca Area - motor speech, left anterior hemisphere, controls motor movements of speech
3 white matter tracts
1) Association - short, same hemisphere
2) Commissural - same hemisphere, eg: corpus callosum
3) Projections - largest, connect cortex to spinal cord (CNS to PNS), 2 way tracts (sensory & motor), vertical
Insula - general visceral sensations & gustation
Brain Stem
Midbrain
Cerebral aqueduct which includes 1) cerebral peduncles - made from pyramidal motor tracts descending from cerebrum to spinal cord, 2) corpora quadrigemina - 2 superior colliculi (visual) & 2 inferior colliculi (auditory).
Pons
Composed of pyramidal motor tract, includes 1) middle cerebellar peduncle & reticular formation nuclei (controls autonomic behaviors).
Medulla Oblongata
Continuous with spinal cord
Contains reticular formation nuclei which specialize in cardiac or vasomotor or respiratory
Pyramids - tracts carrying voluntary motor output from cerebrum to spinal cord
Decussation of pyramids - crossover of pyramidal fibers
Place where cranial nerves connect to brain (12 cranial nerves, 10 connect to brain stem)
Pyramids of medulla oblongata contain axons for both sensory (afferent, ascending) & motor (efferent, descending)
Cerebellum
Functions
smooth & coordinate body movements; maintain posture & equilibrium
Vermis - medial connection point for 2 cerebellar hemispheres
Arbor vitae - cerebellar white matter deep to outer cortex of gray matter
Cerebellar cortex - neuron cell bodies, interneurons, nonmyelinated axons
Peduncles
Superior cerebellar peduncle - connects cerebellum to midbrain, carrying primarily efferent instructions to the cerebral cortex.
Middle cerebellar peduncle - connects the pons to the cerebellum, carries efferent information from cerebral cortex into cerebellum
Inferior cerebellar peduncle - arise from medulla oblongata and carry primarily afferent fibers from spinal cord (proprioception) into cerebellum
Diencephalon
Thalamus
Bilateral, several nuclei, conscious sensory information (except olfaction) travels though here to get to cortex; amplification & tone down of signal.
Hypothalamus
Controls visceral functions - autonomic, temperature, hunger/thirst, sleep, endocrine system, emotions, motivational behavior, and the formation of memory
Epithalamus
1 tiny group of brain nuclei & 1 knob (pineal gland); roof of 3rd ventricle; secretes melatonin
Spinal Cord
Conus medullaris - tapering at L1/L2
Cauda equina - "horse tail", collection of nerve routes at inferior end of vertebral canal
Filum terminale - long filament of fibrous connective tissue anchoring spinal cord to coccyx, not part of spinal cord.
Anterior Root - supply motor info to muscle and gland
Posterior root - made of interneurons, receive sensory info from ganglion
CNS Protection
3 meninges
1) Dura mater - tough dense fibrous connective tissue, includes periosteal (next to bone) & meningeal (deep, spinal cord does not include periosteal layer) layers, superficial to #2 and #3
2) Arachnoid mater - spiderlike, middle
3) Pia mater - fibrous connective tissue, delicate, capillary rich, deepest
Subdural space - thin film of fluid, deep to meningeal layer of dura mater
Subarachnoid space - deep to arachnoid mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, surrounds cerebrum, cerebellum and blood vessels
Dural venous sinuses - made from dura mater, filled with oxygen poor blood, space between perioseal & meningeal layers of the dura mater. They drain into the jugular foramen and carry blood back to heart.
Epidural space - contains fat, in spinal cord, deep to bone.