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Community Ecology (Interconnectedness of Species: Food Chains and Food…

- - - - S=cA8*x
- - - - competition; disadvantageous for one or both; fight for the same resources
      - mutualism; beneficial for both
      - niche; adapted to a particular set of conditions
    - - animals( herbivores), fungi, and prokaryotes
      - Commensal relationship; one benefits and the other is unaffected
      - fungi is often pathogenic
      - Predation; one specie benefits and the other suffers
    - - just by being in the habits it effects it
      - modification can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the success of the specie
  - - - restricts them to certain regions
      - includes temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and wind
    - - amounts of light energy varies with latitude
    - - formed by breakdown of rock
      - soil is thin and identical to the parent rock in the chem. composition
      - pioneers must tolerate extreme conditions and they change the soil
      - Horizon
        
        A Horizon is the uppermost; litter and debris
        
        B Horizon; second layer rich in nutrients and clay
        
        C Horizon; lowest layer parent rock and fragments
    - - fire, landslides, snow, avalanches, and floods
      - produce significant changes
- - - - late maturity
      - perennials
      - fewer, larger seeds
      - many defenses
    - - result of disturbances
      - species include annuals or small shrubby perennials
      - the have few advantages against predators
      - many small seeds
      - early maturity
  - - - generation time; how long between birth and birth of offspring
      - biotic potential; the offspring that are able to survive
  - - - small-scale is also important
      - random distribution; no obvious pattern
      - Clumped distribution; spacing is either large or small
      - uniform distribution; evenly spaced out
    - - the ability of a plant specie to spread throughout an area
      - any factor can act as a limiting factor