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populations and Ecosystems (Abiotic components of the habitat (Climate: it…
populations and Ecosystems
Ecology
is the study of organisms in relationship to all aspects of their surroundings.
population is group of individuals
all of the population together constitute a
community.
community when consider along with the physical, nonliving environment is an ecosystem.
plants in relationship to their habitats
The
habitat
is the set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle.
No plants is migratory, but portions of plants are; spores, pollen, fruits, seeds and vegetative propogules move through the habitat.
operational habitat.
Abiotic components of the habitat
Climate
: it is critically important to all organisms.
Climate itself has many components-temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and winds being just a few.Fig 25-5(A) swampy bayous of southern Louisiana contain so much water that most plant can not grow.
between the low and high extremes is the tolerance range of the organism.
Soil Factors
: soils are formed by breakdown of rock.Initially, the resulting soil is thin and virtually identical to the parent rock in its chemical composition.
The first plants that invade a new soil, called pioneers.
A horizon
is uppermost and is sometimes called the zone of leaching.
As A horizon breaks down rainwater washes nutrients from it downward into the next layer, the
B horizon
or zone of deposition.
Below B horizon is the
C horizon
, composed mostly of parent rock and rock fragments.
Latitude and Altitude
: It contributes many factors to abiotic environment.
At the equator all days are 12 hours; no seasonal variation.
Regions of high altitudes on mountain tops are similar to those at high latitude.
Disturbance
: Disturbance are phenomena such as fires, landslides, snow avalanches, and floods.
man made disturbances have been caused by insecticides, herbicides, hunting, and habitat destruction.
Biotic components of the habitat
The plant itself
: An individual itself just by being in a habitat, modifies the habitat and is a part of it.
Habitat modification may be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the continued success of that species.
other plant species: Mutualism- when several individuals of either just one or several occur other the possibility for interaction is create the interaction is basically beneficial for both organism, but if it is disadvantageous, it is a competition.
competition
is a situation in which two populations do not grow as well together.
competitive exclusion:
whichever species is less adapted is excluded from the ecosystem by superior competitors.
Niche
: Each species is assumed to be adapted to a particular set of conditions.
organism other than plants:
Animals, fungi, and pro-karyotes are obviously important.
Frugivores
: seed dispersal by fruit eating animals.
Commensal relationship
in which one species benefits and the other is unharmed.
Predation
is a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is harmed.
animals that eat plants are herbivores and the process is herbivory.
Browsing: Eating twigs and leaves of shrubs- deer, giraffes) or grazing eating herbs- sheep, cattle.
the structure of populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographic range
The ability of a plant species to spread throughout a Geo-graphic area is a result of its adaptation to the abiotic and biotic components of that area.
limited factor.
Local Geographic Distribution
Random distribution
: whenever there is no obvious, identifiable pattern to the position if individuals.
Clumped distribution
are those in which the spacing between plants is either small or large, but rarely average.
Uniform distribution
are the types that occur in orchards and tree plantations.
Allelochemics
is the release from the plant of chemicals that inhibit other plants and the inhibition is called
allelopathy.
Age Distribution: Demography
The relative proportion of young, middle-aged, and old individuals.
Generation time
, the length of time from the birth of one individual until the birth of its first offspring.
Intrinsic rate
of natural increases biotic potential is the number of offspring produced by individual that actually live long enough to reproduce until ideal conditions.
The number of individuals in each populations that can live in a particular ecosystem is limited that number is the carrying capacity.
r- selected species typically are annuals or small shrubby perennials.
k- selected species also face intense competition from other plant species.
The Structure of Ecosystems
the physical size and shape of the organism and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment constitute the physiognomic structure.
Temporal structure; the time span can be as short as a day or can encompass seasons or decades.
Species Composition refers to the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem.
Tropical Levels are basically feeding levels.
Autotrophs
are known as
primary producers.
primary consumers
that they get energy and nutrients from the herbivores.
Herbivores are preyed on by carnivores the secondary consumers.
Decomposers
such as fungi and bacteria break down the remains of all types of organisms.
