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DEVELOPMENT (Piaget's cognitive development: intellectual progressions…

- - - - as young as 7m - tease, empathize, persuade
      - 3-4,5yo: start to realize others can hv false belief
      - candles in a crayon box experiment - show from 4yo onwards
  - - - both side ranked others in own belief as more extreme and opposite side as extreme as well
      - conc: people always miss common ground, there are forms of egocentrism we never get over
  - - - theory of mind before age 2
        
        18m like crackers, but give experimenter broccoli when experimenter expressed like for it
        
        2yo - tried to bandaid crying mom, shows that they understand mom is upset even if they aren't
      - symbolic ability at 3yo
        
        includes speaking, reading etc
        
        here study 3D scale moel representing larger space - hide snoopy in small model and see if the child understands the same happened to the large room
        
        younger than 3yo showed they were able to understand representation with pictures, but not 3D model - maybe because picture is easier to comprehend as a representation but 3D model isn't. shows that if you make it easier to understand, they can demonstrate that ability
      - object permanence age 3.5m
        
        are puzzled when seemingly blocked car could go through tracks - as seen that they stare longer
- - - - secure vs insecure attachment
        
        secure (60-70%): comfortable to explore when mom around, distress when not/ mom is attentive
        
        resistant/ambivalent(10%): anxious to explore, distress or indifferent when mom not around, angry when mom leaves/ mom selectively attentive
        
        avoidant (20%): not care about caregiver at all
      - explanations
        
        close to people that gives nourishment
        
        body contact
        
        Harlow
        
        Baby monkey go to feeding mom first, then stay with cloth mom for the rest of the time
        
        jumps to cloth mom when in a fearful situation
        
        If raised away from any mom, when put in fearful situation, corner themselves
        
        Bowlby
        
        close bond of mom and child = pleasurable and help in fearful situation
        
        Ainsworth "strange situation"
        
        how baby responds to mom leaving is telling of their relationship
        
        stranger +mom - happy kid and shares and is social
        
        mom leaves, stranger is there - show sign of tension, become quiet
        
        mom returns - smile and less tension
        
        mom and stranger leaves - visibly upset/crying
        
        stranger returns - still upset, let pick up but not fully effective
        
        mom return - interact and seek contact they need from mom
        
        test on secure attachment kid
        
        mom abruptly leaves causes anxiety, mom return immediately hug and seek closeness
      - peak at 13m
      - father also impt
      - trust earlier on affects later relationships - depends on parenting
        
        if hv basic trust = world is predictable and trustworthy
        
        insecure - anxious attachment: crave acceptance but think always being rejected
        
        insecure - avoidance: avoid getting close to others
        
        secure
        
        Prof's take: early relationship doesn't = social relationship in the future (NOT ENOUGH RESEARCH TO PROVE YET), but early relationship model can be used to mirror what adult relationship can look like
      - deprivation of attachment
        
        grow up under adversity - become resilient
        
        abusive, cont - aggressive, frightened, less social and can become abusive themselves - may have sluggish serotonin
        
        adult experience detachment - grief and partner separation
  - - - Humans are designed to adapt to a group - from the moment in daycare
      - Attribute to peer and biology - developed from the idea that parents and kids can turn out rlly different, twin separate at birth are similar
      - Parents should still raise kids well and develop good relationship, but not that much influence in little things so don't try to be overly involved in decisions/habits or attribute their success to parenting
      - Criticism: research mostly on superficial behavior eg smoking, language - complicated
      - a lot of behavior is domain and situation specific - depending on what is investigated - parents have control over diff things
        
        peer: impt in social/esteem, parent: impt in future choice/religion
        
        peer: in little things like habits, likings. parents: in moral character
- - - - a lot is going on
    - - pruning process allow to free up space to do more
  - - - health correlated more to lifestyle than age
      - fertility declines - women experience menopause at around 50
      - midlife transition - crisis when transition from more of life behind than ahead of you, most are okay
        
        usually experience crisis bc of lifechanging events - job change, retirement, death
        
        experience that is in line with social clock: culturally prefered timing of social events, or chance events
    - - decline in sensory abilities: seeing and hearing
      - decrease strength and stamina
        
        weaker immunity
        
        but acquired antibody help protect against getting sick
      - brain lag in speed and reaction
      - lose 5% brain mass - account for less inhibition, but brain can reorganize
    - - best prospective memory - good at recall
- - - - alc can prime fetus to be addicted to alcohol, affect mental or physical development - epigenetic effect
      - stress affect early delivery
      - teratogens(virus/drugs) harm fetus
- - - - reflexes: respond to things instinctively
        
        sucking when feeding milk, swallow/breathe, cry when hungry, turn to new stimuli
      - habituation: get used to stimuli then stop responding
      - dishabituation: when something causes you to respond to recurring stimuli again
        
        eg used to bus arriving at certain time, so forget to notice, but once it didn't arrive, the next day notice
      - responsive to sight and sound that facilitate social responsiveness/sth human
      - strong affinity for mom
- - - - authoritarian: less social skills, esteem
      - permissive: can be aggressive,immature
      - authoritative
      - correlational, not causation - could be temperament affect parenting, or 3rd factor inherited traits in child
        
        10-15% of kids are born either very shy or very outgoing - can be corrected through parenting
        
        the activity level of the child is the most biological side of temperament observed already
      - Parenting STILL MATTERS
        
        Harlow: monkey behavior can be corrected if younger monkeys come in and socialize with the shy momless monkey
        
        adopted children can change drastically
- - - - infant likes doll that likes the same snack, show negative feelings towards doll that didn't like same snack, bc reached for blue puppy
      - people are bias to like/favor similar things to themselves -explains racism