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Haitian Revolution, Latin American Revolution (Haitian Revolution…
Haitian Revolution, Latin American Revolution
Haitian Revolution
Background/ Before the Revolution
France colonized Haiti in the 1600's
The main exports were coffee and spices grown on plantations.
White, French plantation owners became rich from producing sugar and rum from sugarcane.
Slaves were purchased inexpensively from Africa and worked to death on the plantations. Then new slaves are purchased.
The population of Haiti was 90% slaves, 10% wealthy white landlords and political leaders, Free people of color were mixed race children of slave owners and their slaves. They worked as overseers, shopkeepers and artisans. Many were educated and some were quite wealthy. Poor whites also worked as overseers and managers for rich whites. They were servants and day laborers as well.
Slaves either worked in the plantation fields doing desperately hard labor or served whites as maids, personal servants, cooks, and artists.
Timeline
1789- The National Assembly in France writes the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, establishing Natural rights for all Frenchmen, regardless of social position.
1790- Vincent Oge leads a massive slave revolt where many whites are slaughtered in a violent wave of revenge killings.
1791- Oge is captured and executed. Toussaint Louverture takes over leading rebellions on the island.
1792- 1/3 of the island is under the control of slaves and free people of color. The National Assembly in France offers Natural Rights to the Free People of color to slow the slave revolts.
1793- Spain and Britain attack Haiti to weaken France.
1794- Jacobins free all slaves and abolish slavery in order to enlist black Haitians to help fight the Spanish and British. Louverture joined France to fight Spain and Britain. Spain and Britain are defeated.
1801- Toussaint Louverture becomes the Governor of Haiti and writes a constitution. He called for Haitian independence.
1802, February- Desperate for the wealth of Haiti, Napoleon sends the French army led by his brother in law Charles Leclerc to re-establish slavery in Haiti so he can get money from increased sugarcane production. His orders are to respond to the rebellion of the Haitians with extreme brutality.
1802- Fierce fighting continues between Toussaint Louverture and his second in command, Jean Jacques Dessalines and Leclerc and the French army. For the most part, the Haitians fight with guerilla war tactics, while the French retaliate. French soldiers under the French commander Rochambeau begin using atrocities to control the Haitian population including massive firing squads, hangings, drowning of civilians and the first recorded use of a gas chamber. The French have better weapons but their supplies are being shipped thousands of miles. Additionally, the French are vulnerable to yellow fever and malaria. Thousands of soldiers die from these diseases.
1802, April- Louverture is betrayed, captured, and taken to France in chains. He dies in a French prison. Dessalines continues to fight the French. He is now the leader of the Haitian Revolution.
1802, November- Leclerc dies of yellow fever and his replacement Rochambeau wages a near-genocidal campaign against the Haitians, simply killing everybody who is black. He imports attack dogs to maul Haitians, drowns families, and hangs anyone he can catch. Dessalines responds with equal atrocities, burning Frenchmen alive, tying them to wooden logs and sawing them in half, or cutting off their heads and sticking them on tall poles around the island. Even so, Rochambeau's atrocities help rally many former French loyalists to the rebel cause.
1803- Napoleon is under attack from England, Spain and Prussia back in Europe and pulls his army out of Haiti. The British send warships and weapons to help the Haitians by blockading the island so the French can’t get reinforcements.
1803- Dessalines leads the rebellion to victory and accepts the French surrender.
1804, January 1st- Dessalines officially declares independence for Haiti. Haiti is the first independent nation in Latin America, the first post-colonial independent black-led nation in the world, and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful slave rebellion.
Women
Took on leadership roles
Jobs
Catherine Flon: Seamstress, Teacher, Business Woman, Fabric Seller
Cecile Fatiman: Spiritual leader, High priestess of the voodoo religion, Spiritual Guider, First Lady
Sanite Belair: Haitian Freedom fighter, Lieutenant in the Army of Toussaint L’Ouverture, Responsible for leading slave rebellions.
Defilee: Washed clothes, cooked, cleaned for soldiers.
Leonora Sonsay: Novelist and key eye witness to the Haitian Revolution. Wrote the Secret History; The Horrors of St. Domingue
Influence
Catherine Flon: Designed the Haitian Flag
Cecile Fatiman: Lead an influential ceremony at Bois Caiman, key voice in encouraging slaves to rise up against their oppressors, provided spiritual guidance. Influenced religion and politics
Sanite Belair: Encouraged the Haitian fighters to rebel. Lead slave rebellions, Rebellion Lieutenant
Defilee: Influenced woman to have a more active part in the war through her actions.
Wrote down what she witnessed during the revolution.
Character:
Role Models, Determined, Honest, Brave, Ruthless, Vindictive, Vital, Determined, Skills and Talented, Persistent, Controlled, Warriors
Cause
If the French believe that everyone deserves human rights, regardless of social class, slaves did too.
Dehumanization of slaves
Needed slaves because labor was hard and dangerous but you could get rich off of the crops. Eventually the economy was based on slaves so once is started it was hard to stop.
Result
The Haitians won
Only successful slave rebellion in history
Inspired slaves in the US revolt (considering the success of the Haitians in their revolt
Jefferson
Was afraid that the rebellion would encourage slaves in America to revolt too.
Cut down contact and trade routes with Haiti to try and stop it.
Belittled the achievements of the Haitians
The cutting of trade routes with Haiti decimated its weak economy.
Blamed the Haitian's revolution as their downfall
Characterization
Incredibly inhumane and genocidal. A whole war based upon race and dehumanization.
Latin American Revolution
Timeline
1810 - Spain had control over Latin American colonies, tensions were high, rigid social class gave most of the power to the Peninsulares. Colored groups wanted more rights. However, the revolution started when the Creoles tried to fight for equality among the differing white groups and gain independence from Spain. Hidalgo gives his "El Grito de Dolores" speech.
1808 - Napoleon took over Spain, weakening its hold over Latin America
1811 - Hidalgo and Allende are defeated at the battle of Calderon Bridge and were put to death. However Morelos, a black priest, takes over the revolution and is soon joined by military expert Vincente Guerrero.
1815 - Morelos is captured and executed. Eventually, General Iterbide switches sides in favor of the rebels and helps to lead the battle.
1821 - Treaty of Cordoba is signed and the Peninsulares and Spain have lost the battle. The Plan of Iguala is established.
1823 - Iterbide is driven out and exiled after crowning himself emperor.
1829 - Slavery is abolished in Mexico.
El Grito de Dolores Speech
Speech given by Miguel Hidalgo to rally an army to fight the Spanish.
Rallied and spoke to the minority groups of Latin America and of the Castas System.
The army was large but poorly armed however still claimed many victories.
Plan of Iguala
Used to resolve the conflicts between the liberal and conservative sides of the country after independence was declared.
Article 1. The Mexican nation is independent of the Spanish nation, and of every other
Article 2. Its religion shall be the Catholic, which all its inhabitants agree to.
Article 3. The people shall be all united, without any distinction between people born in America (Criollo) and people born in Europe (Peninsulares/Spaniards).
Article 4. The government shall be a constitutional monarchy.
Article 8. His Majesty Ferdinand VII (the current King of Spain) shall be invited to take the throne of the new empire. If he declines, one of his brothers will be invited
Article 9. Should his Majesty Ferdinand VII. and his brothers decline the invitation, the nation is at liberty to invite to the imperial throne any member of reigning [Criollo] families.
Article 11. The distinction of castes is abolished. All the inhabitants of the country are citizens, and equal, and the door of advancement is open to virtue and merit.
Article 12. An army shall be formed for the support of religion, independence, and union, guaranteeing these three principles. Therefore it shall be called the army of the three guarantees.
Article 20. All the government, military, and religious officials who believe in the cause of independence will be allowed to continue to hold their positions and their power, this includes both Americans and Europeans (Spanish).
Leadership Powers, People, and Goals
Hidalgo
White Creole, Wanted equality among the differing white groups of Latin America. Promised to establish laws giving rights to the minority groups to rally an army. Gave the "El Grito de Dolores" speech. Wanted independence from Spain
Morelos
Black, Wanted equality for all colored groups, regardless of social class, not just the whites. Wanted independence from Spain
Guerrero
Black, Kept Morelos's ideals at heart but focused mostly on independence from Spain. Wanted to abolish slavery. Wants a democracy. Helped to write the Plan of Iguala
Iturbide
Spaniard, Wanted to install a conservative monarchy. Wanted Latin America to have independence from Spain. Switched sides. Signed the Treaty of Cordoba. Helped to write the Plan of Iguala. Wants whites to stay in power in Latin America
Castas System
Based upon race and skin color
Peninsulares: On the top with almost all the power were Peninsulares, white Spaniards born in Spain. These people were usually given jobs in the government, army, or Church.
Creoles: Below them were the Spaniards who were born in America. They often owned lands and were extremely wealthy, however, were given lower level jobs in the government, army, or Church.
Mestizos: People with on Spanish parent and one Amerindian parent. They often served in the army or held jobs as merchants or laborers. They didn't have much political nor legal power.
Afro Mexicans: Person with one Spanish parent and one African parent. Oftentimes they were born into slavery but some were given freedom by their masters.
Amerindians: The indigenous people of Spain. They were treated like children by government and were often abused by the Spanish.
Africans: Almost all Africans were slaves and had no rights so ever. Laws were established that barred them from specific positions and jobs and were seen as the 'lesser race'.
Still tethers bias is beauty and image in today's world.
Causes
The ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Men and Enlightenment Thinking built up to revolution.
People wanted equality which led to a need for independence from Spain.
Treaty of Cordoba
Treaty signed by Latin America and Spain that declared the colonies and rebels independence.