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L3 Research Methodology :male-scientist::skin-tone-2: (Type ofâĶ
L3 Research Methodology :male-scientist::skin-tone-2:
āļŦāļąāļ§āļāđāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
Clinical application**
Uses in clinical practice, so much benefit, usu got public in popular journal
Covers
New Treatment
New method for Dx
New knowledge
āļĒāļąāļāđāļĄāđāļāļķāļāļāļąāđāļ Clinical application
Covers: PathoPSO
Me too
āļĄāļĩāļāļāļāļģāđāļĒāļāļ°āļĨāļ° āļāļāļāļģāļāđāļ§āļĒāļŠāļī
eg āļāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļĄāļēāđāļĨāļĒāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļāļģāđāļāđāļāļĒāđāļāļ
Asks Yourself?
Overview
of
Research process
āļāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
Why
we must write one?
To present in front of āļāļļāļāļāļĨ, āļāļāļāđāļāļĢ, āļŦāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļēāļ, āļŠāļāļēāļāļąāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļē
For support āļāļļāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
For āļāļāļļāļĄāļąāļāļī āļāđāļāļāļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļē
To present to āļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāļēāļ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ āļāļđāđāļāļĢāļāļāļļāļāļ§āļļāļāļī āļāļ°āđāļāđāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļąāļāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāđāđāļ āđāļŦāđāļāļĩ&āđāļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ
To let āļāļđāđāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ&āļāļđāđāļāļĩāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļāļēāļāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļģāđāļāļīāļāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒāđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāđāļāļāļēāļĄāļāļĩāđāļĢāļ°āļāļļ
āļāļāļāđāļāļ
āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
Def: āļāļēāļĢāļāļģāļāļąāļāļāļāļāđāļāļ & āļ§āļēāļāļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ āđāļāļ·āđāļāđāļāđāļĄāļēāļāļķāđāļ answer that appropriate for āļāļąāļāļŦāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ ->
Blueprint
āđāļāļĢāļāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
(total :two::two: āļāđāļ)
~no need to get all of em
Steps in Research
:star:
Ethical consideration
Ethical principal (4 āļāđāļ :star:)
Respect for person
Beneficence
Justice
Confidentiality
āļĢāļđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļāļąāļĒ
Observational study
Observational
Descriptive
studies
: no control group or no compared group
Observational
Analytic
studies
: control group or compared Group
:mushroom:
Cross-sectional
studies
Prevalence
study
Snapshot
populationâs health at a particular time
Captures Freq & Charac of ds
Many
Dx test
uses this design
(test & gold standard captured at the same time)
Pro :smiley:
Easy, āđāļāđāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļāļģāđāļĄāđāļāļēāļ, āđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļāđāļāđāđāļāļēāļāļļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āđāļF/U
Con :cry:
Canât eliminate
Confounding factors
:mushroom:
Case-Control
studies
(Retrospective or āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļ)
Select population of cases & controls that are comparable
Using Historical data, determinant (exposure or RF) â measured
retrospectively
among case & controls
āđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļāļēāļ
āļāļĨ āđāļāļŦāļē āđāļŦāļāļļ
by selecting group that needed to observe
:bird:
Matched
case-control studies
(āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļĒāđāļāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđāļāļāļāļąāļāļāļđāđ)
*Try to avoid other RFs other than exposure & non-exposure
Eg. Want to study relation of smoking & CA Lung
(hypothesis being Smoking is the cause of death of CA Lung)
Case: 665 CA Lung pt in Hospital
Control:
Random disease
in hospital with same no. of ppl like case group
Eg. Want to study relation of OCPs & Thromboembolism
(Hypothesis is OCPs is one of the cause of Thromboembolism in women)
Case: Female pt (age 15-44) being sick for the first time of Thromboembolism fr 43 hospitals (total 175 woman)
Control: Other ds (*which control by pairing 7 risk factors â Age,Marital staus, No.of son/daughter, āđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļēāļāļī, āļāļĩāđāļāļĒāļđāđāļāļēāļĻāļąāļĒ, D/c year fr hospital, Hospital cost) also 175 woman
:mushroom:
Cohort
studies
(Prospective or F/U study)
Study fr Exposed & Nonexposed Group and F/U whether Disease occurs?
Eg. Study of BMI of preg. woman & Newborn birth weight
:birthday:
Historical cohort
study
(Retrospective cohort study)
Eg, RFs of mother causes Low birthweight in newborn
Look @ past records to get exposure data on ppl who are non-ds at the time
Determine each subjects exposure status
Follow cohort fr
past into present (mayb future)
to which cohort members developed ds
Experimental
study
Study comparison by Randomization of Example group since the very beginning
Can control many variables & āļāļĨāļāđāļēāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļ·āļāļĄāļēāļāļŠāļļāļ
:!: uses resource āđāļĒāļāļ°āļĄāļēāļ, āļāļīāļāđāļ§āļĨāļēāļĄāļēāļāļāļ
Artificial manipulation of study factor with randomization
Laboratory
Clinical trial (RCT)
Single blind
Double blind
( :arrow_down:selective bias)
Evidence-based medicine (
EBM
)
1st step: Asking clinical question using
principle of PICO
Problem/Patient
Intervention
(āļŠāļīāđāļāļāļĩāđāļāļ°āđāļŦāđāđāļāđāļāļ.)
Comparison intervention
(āļŠāļīāđāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĢāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ)
Outcome
(āļāļĨāļāļĩāđāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢ)
How do I choose study design?.
Thereâs
no best
study design
Question
or
Purpose
of Research :koko:
Study abt problem
size
-> Observational descriptive study
eg, prevalence of ds
Study abt
nature
of ds -> Observational descriptive
Study abt
characteristics
of tool in dx ds -> Observational descriptive
Study
causes
of ds
Observation
Analytic
Evaluate āļāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļĢāļąāļāļĐāļē
Experimental
study
Type
of āđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāļāļĩāđāļ§āļąāļ
PE
Lab
āļāļĢāļ§āļāļāļēāļāļĢāļąāļāļŠāļĩ
āļāļĢāļ§āļāđāļāļĒāđāļāđāđāļāļĢāļ·āđāļāļāļĄāļ·āļāđāļāļāļĒāđ
āļāļĢāļ§āļ by using questionnaire
āļāļĢāļ§āļ by creating
scale
/āļĄāļēāļāļĢāļ§āļąāļ :dog2:
Things that needed to be consider
(so needed to test, to āļāļķāļāļāļāļāļ°āļ§āļąāļāļāļēāļĄāđāļāļāļāđāļāļĩāđāļāļģāļŦāļāļ, or uses already-well-accepted scale)
Validity/āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļ
Content validity
Face va (āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļāđāļāļāļąāļĻāļāļ°āļāļāļāļāļđāđāđāļāļĩāđāļĒāļ§āļāđāļāļ)
Construct va (āļ.āļāļđāļāļāđāļāļāļāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļąāļāļāļĩāđcan explain with reason)
Criterion va (āļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļđāļāļāđāļāļ by comparing with standard āđāļāļāļāđ)
Reliability/āļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļ·āđāļāļāļ·āļ
By Intraobserver (āļāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§āļāļĩāđāļ§āļąāļāļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāđāļĢāļāļ) or Interobserver (āļŦāļĨāļēāļĒāļāļāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļ§)
āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ
TBC
āļĄāļĩāļāđāļāļāđāļ° :leftwards_arrow_with_hook:
āļāļĢāļ§āļ by interview
āļŠāļąāļāđāļāļ
āļŠāļāļāļāļēāļāļĨāļļāđāļĄ (āļāļđ respond āđāļāļē)
āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļāļāļēāļ°āļĢāļēāļĒ