Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

Evolutionary Biology (Population Genetics (Habitat Fragmentation (Loss of…

- - - - Dominance doesn't become fixed
      - Recessive becomes fixed
    - - Dominant Heterozygote has most fitness (directional selection) so A1 will reach fixation
    - - Homozygous have equal fitness and heterozygote has increased fitness
        
        Reaches equilibrium at 50%
        
        A1A1 worse than A1A2 but also doesn't rise until there are enough A1A2 so it is in between the co-dominant and dominant curves
    - - Ex: Sickle Cell and Malaria
        
        AA die from malaria
        
        SS suffer from sickle cell
        
        AS have lower oxygen carrying capacity but are less likely to die from malaria
  - - - no selection
      - no mutation
      - no migration
      - infinite population size (no genetic drift)
      - Random mating
      - (diploid, sexually reproducing organism)
  - - - Small population--> genetic drift is strong
      - large population--> NS is strong
  - - - Alleles:
        
        Fixed for different alleles= 1
        
        Identical frequencies= 0
        
        Partially isolated is between 0 and 1
      - F_ST= 1/ (4Nm +1)
        
        N= size of population
        
        m = migration rate
        
        migration makes more similar
- - - - Requires finding appropriate mate
      - parents are less related to their offspring
      - risk of contracting sexually transmitted disease
  - - - Morphology
      - Behavior
      - Physiology
    - - Asexual Reproduction= offspring derive from a single parent
      - Sexual Reproduction= two parents contribute genetic information to offspring
    - - What to Invest in?
        
        Produce as many offspring as possible
        
        Produce the best offspring as possible
      - Females and Investing
        
        Anisogamy= gametes are dissimilar (eggs are much larger--> more energy and effort
        
        Internal Fertilization
        
        Evolved multiple times Independently
        
        Sex Differences in Parentage --> one with internal knows they are parent
        
        females often have specialized care for offspring
        
        Extra-pair paternity
  - - - More males than females can mate
      - Sexual Selection acts stronger on males
      - Males invest in attracting femates
      - As males mate, their reproductive success increases while females may get a bump but also have costs
      - More variance in reproductive success for males
    - - Females invest in attracting males
      - More females than males
      - Sexual Selection acts stronger on females
      - As females mate, their reproductive success increases while males may get a bump but also have costs
      - More reproductive success for females
    - - Mating Competition
      - Intrasexual Selection
  - - - Direct Benefits
        
        Territories/Nesting
        
        Help with raising young
        
        Food
        
        Protection from other males
        
        Reduced disease/parasite risk
      - Indirect Benefits
        
        'Good Genes'
        
        Arbitrary Choice (Fisher's Runaway)= post-copulary mate choice
        
        Females of many species can store sperm
        
        Female chooses her sperm
        
        Combination Models
  - - - costly potentially to be on the receiving end
      - fight over who plays which role
      - Penis Fencing to inseminate the other
      - Whoever is mother has to stay with baby and take care of it
  - - - Males try to force copulation on females
        
        Expolosion Eversion
      - Females have opposite spirals to prevent insemination
- - - - Permeo-Triassic
        
        Largest Volcanic Eruption Ever: Releases CO2 and methane
        
        CO2 and methane warm planet
        
        Increase in temperature decreases O2 in oceans
        
        Increases in CO2 acidifies oceans
        
        84% of marine genera go extinct
- - - - Advantages
      - Disadvantages:
        
        Members of the same species can be morphologically difference
        
        Cryptic Species: morphologically similar, genetically different
        
        concept relies on human interpretatoin
  - - - Morphological Stasis= "Living Fossils" (Stabilizing Selection)
- - - - Use Adhesives and Constricting Ring
    - - Lichens= fungus+ agreen algae and/ or cyanobacterium (+yeast)
        pioneers and extreme survivor
- - - - Red Algae- can live at deeper depth because of its red pigment
      - Green Plants- has chrloryphyll A and B, allowing for the transition to land plants which make a ton of energy, allowing them to store it as a starch.
        
        Land Plants
        
        Vascular Plants
        
        Sporophyte most of the time
        
        Three Key Aspects
        
        Stomata- pores
        
        Pholem-carries food
        
        Xylem- provides transport and support
        
        Lycophyte
        
        small photosynthetic gametophyte
        
        Independent branching sporophytes
        
        True roots, microphylls, vascular system
        
        Unnamed Taxon
        
        Ferns
        
        diverse forms and habitats
        
        sporophytes branched
        
        1 more item...
        
        Megaphylls- huge variety of leaf morphologies
        
        Seed Plants
        
        Gymnosperm-naked seed plants
        
        Angiosperm- Vestled seed plants
        
        Gametophytes
        
        2 more items...
        
        Fertilization and Double Fertilization
        
        2 more items...
        
        Challenges:
        
        dessication
        
        Increased UV Radiation
        
        Movement of Fluids/Nutrients
        
        Physical Support
        
        Protection of Gametes/Embryos
        
        Liverworts- release spores
        
        increase genetic diversity
        
        produced by sporophytes to form gametophytes
        
        Green Algae
  - - - Megaspore--> female gametophyte
      - Microspore--> male gametophyte