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Population and Ecosystems (Concepts (Population (Individuals of the Same…
Population and Ecosystems
Plants in Relation to Their Habitats
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Nonliving and physical phenomena
Disturbance
Naturally occurring fires are beneficial
Man-made Disturbances
Insecticides
Habitat Distruction
Herbicides
Hunting
Biotic Factors directly affected
Climate
Growing Season determined By:
first killing frost of autumn
Last severe, kills frost in spring
Tolerance Range
Low and high extremes
Temperature
Wind
Rainfall
Humidity
Soil Factors
A horizon
Uppermost
Litter and debris
Zone of Leaching
B horizon
Rich in nutrients
Zone of Deposition
Contains humus and clay
C Horizon
Parent Rock and Rock Fragments
Pioneers
Nitrogen-Fixing Prokaryotes
First Plants that invade a new soil
Latitude and Altitude
Higher latitudes to North or South
Slow soil Formation
Summer days/winter nights longer
Not shielded by:
Oxygen
Water Vapor
Ozone
Carbon Dioxide
Equator
No Seasonal variation
All Days 12 hours long
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
Self Modification of Habitat
neutral
beneficial
Detremental
Organisms other than Plants
Predation
Herbivores
Browsing
Grazing
Commensal realtionships
One species benefits
other is neutral
Frugivores
Other Plant Species
Competition
interactions is disadvantageous
exclusion
Mutualism
interaction is beneficial to both
Portions of the Plant
spores
seeds
Vegetative Propagules
pollen
Fruit
Habitat
Set of condition which organisms complete its life cycle
The Structure of Populaions
Geographic Distribution
Local Geographic Distribution
Random Distribution
Uniform DIstributions
Allelopathy
Allelochemics
Clumped Distribuitions
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
Limiting Factor
Age Distribution: Demography
Factors Affecting population growth
Generation time
Intrinsic rate of natural increases
Carrying Capacity
R-Selection
Produced by Distrubances
K-Selection
Fluctuate at or near carrying capacity
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species Composition
Number & Diversity of species within an ecosystem
Depends on:
Soil
poor
rich
Tolerance
Broad
Narrow
Climate
Mild
Stressful
Temporal Structure
Physiognomic Structure
Physical size/shape of organism
Trophic Levels
Decomposers
Fungi
Bacteria
Photosynthesis
Dominant Methods
Green Vascular Plant
Most important for photosynthesis
Feeding Levels
Primary Producers
Autotrophs
Primary Consumers
Carbon Flow
Secondary Consumers
Energy Flow
Concepts
Population
Individuals of the Same species
Rarely Stable
Ecology
Study of organisms in relations to their surroundings
Community
All populations Combined
Ecosystem
Community plus physical, nonliving enviroment
