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Populations and Ecosystems (Pictures (Unknown-1, Unknown-2, Unknown-3,…
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants Relationships to Their Habitats
Habitat
set conditions in which an organisms completes its life cycle
migratory animals
winter area
summer area
migratory routes
these are all habitat components
Plants
they aren't migratory
portions of plants are
spores
pollen
fruits
seeds
vegetative propagules
Pollinators are a critically important aspect of the plant habitat
they pollinate
prey on diseased organisms or predators
operational habitat
aspects of a habitat that definitely affect a plant
Abiotic Components
nonliving and physical phenomena
climate
critically important to all organisms
has many components itself
temperature
rainfall
relative humidity
winds
tolerance range
between the low and high extremes of an organism
soil
pioneers
first plants who invade new soil
must tolerate harsh conditions
horizon
uppermost and sometimes called the zone of leaching
consists of litter and debris
as this breaks down rainwater washes nutrients downward
absorbed in next layer
B Horizon
zone of deposition
layer underneath horizon
C Horizon
layer under B horizon
composed of parent rock and rock fragments
latitude
contributes many factors to abiotic environment
altitude
disturbances
fires
floods
avalanches
produce a significant radical change in an ecosystem quickly
affects biotic factors directly
Biotic Components
living factors
the plant itself
modifies the habitat and is a part of it
habitat modification can be beneficial, detrimental or neutral
other plant species
mutualism
interaction beneficial for both species
competition
when two species do not grow well together
competitive exclusion
whichever species is less adaptive is excluded
niche
a role in an environment
species of animals
commensal relationship
one benefits other is unaffected
predation
when one organism benefits and the other is harmed
herbivores
only eat plants
browsing
eat twigs and leaves
grazing
eating herbs
pathogenic
refers to the relationship between harmful bacterias and fungi
fungi
protists
prokaryotes
Structure of Populations
geographic distributions
the ability of plants species to spread through a geographical region
results in adaptations to abiotic and biotic factors
limiting factors
a factor that determines the health of a plant
applies to all aspects of the plants interaction with its habitat
any factor of the ecosystem can act as the limiting factor
local geographic distribution
distribution of individuals with respect to each other
random
used whenever there is no obvious or identifiable pattern to position to individuals
could be do to many small scale patterns being shown
or one large pattern undetected
clumped
when spacing between plants is either too small or too large to see
can result from many factors
uniform
occurs in orchards and tree plantations
all neighbors are evenly spaced from each other
allelochemics
release from the plant of chemical inhibit other plants
inhibition is called allelopathy
age distributions
the manner in which a population responds to various factors that affects in its habitat
demography
the relative proportions of young, middle-aged, and old individuals
generation time
the length of time from birth to the birth of its first offspring
biotic potential
the number of offspring produced by an individual that can actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
Structure of Ecosystems
physiognomic structure
the physical size and shape of its organism and their distribution in relation to each other and their physical environment
temporal structure
the changes that an ecosystem undergoes with the time constitute
species composition
refers to the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
depends on whether the climate is mild or stressful
soil is rich or poor
tolerance ranges broad or narrow
trophic levels
basically feeding levels
each ecosystem contains some members, autotrophs the bring energy into the system
primary producers
autotrophs
energy and nutrient supply for food chain
primary consumer
herbivores
sometimes called secondary producers
secondary consumers
prey on primary consumers
omnivores exist at both trophic levels
decomposers
such as fungi and bacteria that break down remains of all types of organisms
Pictures
