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Birmingham Campaign (CONSEQUENCE (Elevation of Martin Luther King ((Letter…

- - - - Letter from Birmingham Jail,
      - Opportunity for King to use his oratory skills,
      - Contrast between the violence of Connor (white) and the non-violence of King
      - King higher moral ground
      - Success - relationship with Kennedy
  - - - Businesses desegregated- examples from text
      - Some whites hired blacks
      - Public facilities like libraries, golf courses desegregated
      - Other areas in South began desegregating, first black police officer appointed in Danville,Virginia Oct 1963. Louisville in Kentucky voluntarily segregated in late 1963. Idea of Birmingham success radiating through the south ?
  - - - Success at Birmingham boosted CRM support and profile.
      - Over 1600 marches took place in 1963.
      - Many more black and white people joined the movement.
      - On the back of its success March on Washington and Civil Rights legislation introduce
- - - - July 1962 Albany target of SCLC campaign.
      - King had led marches, boycotts, prayer vigils hoping to desegregate public facilities
      - Police Chief Laurie Pritchard had avoided over-reaction and kept the police response low key.
      - Very little national publicity for CRs campaign
      - Very little changed in Albany. Schools remained segregated, city parks closed to avoid integration.
      - King felt that they had ‘got nothing’ from the Albany Campaign. King and SCLC leadership badly needed victory
      - Next campaign carefully planned to attract maximum publicity and support = Birmingham
  - - - City ruled by hatred and fear
      - Known as Bombingham
      - 350 000 people, 140 000 of those black. Blacks = low kept to paying jobs, segregated schools, churches, restaurants, hospitals, theatres.
      - Closed public parks, libraries, buses rather than integrate
      - Gave up professional baseball rather than integrate
      - If you could desegregate Birmingham you could show rest of the South that segregation could not be accepted any longer ‘success radiate through the South’
  - - - Choice of Birmingham for Campaign owed much to reputation of Police chief Bull Connor
      - Unlike Laurie Pritchard in Albany, Connor known to react violently to civil rights activists. Freedom riders 1961 Bull Connor refused to provide police protection for bus the riders were beaten up.
      - ‘as long as I am police commissioner in Birmingham, the niggers and white folks ain’t goin’ desegregate in this man’s town’