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Populations and Ecosystems (The Structure of Ecosystems (Trophic Levels…
Populations and Ecosystems
Habitats
Biotic Components
Other Plant Species
competition; disadvantageous for one or both; fight for the same resources
mutualism; beneficial for both
niche; adapted to a particular set of conditions
Organisms other than plants
animals( herbivores), fungi, and prokaryotes
Commensal relationship; one benefits and the other is unaffected
fungi is often pathogenic
Predation; one specie benefits and the other suffers
The Plant Itself
just by being in the habits it effects it
modification can be beneficial, detrimental, or neutral to the success of the specie
Abiotic Components
Climate
restricts them to certain regions
includes temperature, rainfall, relative humidity, and wind
Latitude and Altitude
amounts of light energy varies with latitude
Soil Factors
formed by breakdown of rock
soil is thin and identical to the parent rock in the chem. composition
pioneers must tolerate extreme conditions and they change the soil
Horizon
A Horizon is the uppermost; litter and debris
B Horizon; second layer rich in nutrients and clay
C Horizon; lowest layer parent rock and fragments
Disturbances
fire, landslides, snow, avalanches, and floods
produce significant changes
set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
The Structure of Populations
r- and K- selection
K Selection
late maturity
perennials
fewer, larger seeds
many defenses
r Selection
result of disturbances
species include annuals or small shrubby perennials
the have few advantages against predators
many small seeds
early maturity
Age
the manner in which a population responds to various factors is effected by its demography
used for animals mostly; harder to use for plants
two factors that affect possible rate of pop. growth
generation time; how long between birth and birth of offspring
biotic potential; the offspring that are able to survive
Geogrphic Distribution
Local Geographic Distribution
small-scale is also important
random distribution; no obvious pattern
Clumped distribution; spacing is either large or small
uniform distribution; evenly spaced out
Boundaries of the Geographic Range
the ability of a plant specie to spread throughout an area
any factor can act as a limiting factor
The Structure of Ecosystems
Species Composition
the number and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
depends on soil,climate and its own tolerance
competition is intense
Trophic Levels
feeding levels
primary producers; energy and nutrient supply
primary consumers; herbivores
secondary consumers; carnivores
decomposers; fungi and bacteria
energy and carbon flow is how the energy is transferred
Temporal Structure
the changes an ecosystem undergoes with time
can be short as one day or as long as one decade
plants change dramatically within the season
spring brings renewed activity; fall they die and develop resting buds
topical ecosystems do not have winter and summer
Physiognomic Structure
the physical size and shape of organisms and their distribution
trees, shrubs, and herbs are the most useful
how each plant survives stressful seasons
