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Muscular System image (Movement terminology image (Extension: increasing…

- - - - Latin word "mus" which means mouse because the movement of muscles looks like mice running around under our skin
      - Contractile property of muscle tissue-allows it to become short and thick as a result of nerve impulse and then to relax once impulse is removed; alternative contraction and relaxation of movement
      - Muscle cells are elongated and resemble fibers like those in a rope
        
        Muscle tissue is constructed of bundles of these fibers, each approximately the size of a human hair
      - Three types:
        
        Smooth
        
        Found within certain organs, blood vessels, and airways; allow for internal movement
        
        Considered the muscle of organs so sometimes it's called visceral muscle
        
        Involuntary muscles called smooth because don't have striped appearance of skeletal muscle
        
        Change in blood vessel diameter is one example
        
        Cardiac
        
        Found solely in the heart
        
        Contraction of muscle causes heart beat, internal movement
        
        Completely involuntary; specialized muscle with a striated appearance
        
        Skeletal
        
        Fibers appear striped, so sometimes called striated muscle
        
        Allow external movement and are developed through exercise (running, lifting, and scratching are example)
        
        Voluntary muscles, attach to bones of skeletal system
        
        Tendons:fibrous tissues that attach skeletal muscles to bone
        
        Ligaments: attach bone to bone
        
        Some muscles attach directly to bone or soft tissue without tendon
        
        Instead they have a broad sheet of connective tissue called aponeurosis (facial muscles)
        
        Called voluntary because movement controlled by conscious thought
        
        Responsible for movement and maintaining posture
        
        Also generates heat
        
        All three types can stretch-extensibility (to a degree)
- - - - Severity of injury can range from mild to severe
        
        Mild: pulled muscle (slight overstretch of muscle)
        
        Severe: complete muscle tear or complete tendon rupture
      - Injuries can be acute or chronic
        
        Acute: usually resulting from trauma
        
        Chronic: usually resulting from overuse or disease
      - Signs and symptoms: vary depending on severity of injury
        
        Mild strain (no tear of muscle or tendon fibers): mild pain and possibly stiffness
        
        Moderate strain (some tearing of muscle or tendon fibers): more intense pain, bruising, obvious weakness
        
        Severe strain (complete tear of muscle or tendon): severe pain, swelling, extensive bruising, and often complete loss of movement
        
        Some muscle tears are good for you. When you exercise muscle groups, they develop small tears. When it heals the muscle growth occurs and mass is gained
      - Diagnosis: medical history, physical examination, imaging (MRI, X-ray, ultrasound)
      - Treatment: varies with severity of injury. With a severe strain and moderate strain- should be treated by a doctor
        
        Strains
        
        In first 72 hours, PRICE therapy:
        
        Protection, Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
        
        After first 72 hours: gradual increase in activity and/or physical therapy, application of heat
        
        Pain relievers (like acetaminophen or ibuprofen a NSAID)
        
        Tears: treated surgically at time of diagnosis
        
        Strains are often slow to heal
        
        Skeletal muscle and dense regular connective tissue have only moderate ability to repair themselves
  - - - Cause
        
        Degenerative disease leading to breakdown and scarring of tendons
        
        Appears to be caused by failure of tendons to repair themselves after injury
        
        Commonly seen related to overuse/ repetitive motion or untreated acute injuries
      - Risk factors
        
        Some tendons more prone to tendinosis
        
        Rotator cuff
        
        Achilles tendon
        
        Tibialis posterior tendon
        
        Tendons of lateral elbow
        
        Other risk factors
        
        Age
        
        Gender
        
        Skeletal anatomy
        
        Types of occupational equipment used
        
        Systemic disease (like diabetes mellitus, because of poor wound healing
      - Signs and symptoms include pain, tenderness, and stiffness
      - Treatment types
        
        PRICE
        
        Physical therapy
        
        Steroids (short term only)
        
        Lasers
        
        Ultrasound and extracoporeal shock wave therapy
        
        Surgery is a last resort
        
        Unfortunately, treatments not very effective, prognosis not as good as for acute tendon injuries
  - - - It is a symptom of many disorders including acute injury or viral infection. Treat it with RICE
    - - Epidemiology: more common in women and with pts with rheumatologic disorders
        
        Found in only 2% of the US and Canadian population
      - Characterized by
        
        Pain of three months duration
        
        Bilateral tenderness
        
        Fatigue
        
        Sleep disorders
        
        Depression
        
        Anxiety
        
        Exercise intolerance
      - Cause: unknown
        
        There does not seem to be any inflammation involved
        
        May be caused by hyperactive stress response
        
        May also be caused by sensory or neurological problem leading to an increased sensitivity to pain
      - Diagnosis: pain in 11 of 18 designated tender points for fibromyalgia
        
        Other disorders that cause chronic pain should always be rules out
      - Treatment
        
        No definitive treatment~ symptom management
        
        Symptoms can be managed with antidepressants (even when not depressed), antiepileptics, exercise, and/or pain relievers
        
        Symptom management often inadequate at relieving pain completely
- - - - Synergistic muscles assist primary mover or assist in the movement
      - Antagonist muscles cause movement in opposite direction of agonist (primary mover)
      - Primary mover (or agonist) is chief muscle causing movement; as muscle contracts it pulls bone, causing movement
  - - - Muscle shortens or contracts
    - - Ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing electrical signals called impulses
    - - Muscles ability to be stretched
    - - Ability of the muscle to return to its original length when relaxing
- - - - Muscle is under both voluntary and involuntary control
        
        B/C you can voluntarily change the way you breathe