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Populations and Ecosystem (Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats…
Populations and Ecosystem
Concepts
Population
Individuals of the same species in a habitat
Community
All populations that exist together in a habitat
Ecosystem
Along with the community, consist also of the physical, nonliving environment
Plants in Relationship to Their Habitats
Habitat
Set of conditions in which an organism completes its life cycle
Operational Habitat
Aspects of the habitat that affect a plant
Abiotic
Nonliving, physical phenomena; climate, soil, latitude, altitude, and disturbances
Biotic
living factors; the plant itself, other plant species, and species of animals
Abiotic Components of the Habitat
Climate
Tolerance Range
Low and High extremes of an organism
Soil Factors
Pioneers
first plants that invade a new soil
A Horizon
upper most layer of soil, consists or litter and debris and washes nutrients down to the next layer
B Horizon
"zone of deposition", materials from A horizon accumulate, contains humus and clay
C Horizon
composed of parent rock and rock fragments
Latitude and Altitude
Disturbance
Biotic Components of the Habitat
The Plant Itself
Other Plant Species
Mutualism
Interaction that is beneficial for both organisms
Competition
Interaction that is disadvantageous, two populations do not grow well together
Competitive exclusion
which ever species that is less adapter to the environment is beat out by other species
Niche
a particular set of conditions, each set pf species has this
Ecotypes
species specialized in response to a particular ecosystem
Transparent Experiments
Tests whether ecotypes really exist
Common Garden
An intermediate site for transparent test to see if both plants can grow in the same environment
Organisms other than plants
Frugivores
Fruit eating animals
Commensal relationship
One species benefits, while the other is unaffected
Predation
one species benefits the other is harmed
Herbivores
Animals that eat plants
Browsing
eating twigs and leaves of shrubs
Grazing
eating herbs
Pathogenic
Harmful to the plant, may cause mild disease or kill the plant completely, (fungi and bacteria)
The Structure of Populations
Geographical Distribution
Boundaries of the Geographical Range
Limiting Factor
A factor that determines the plants health
Local Geographic Distribution
Random distribution
no obvious identifiable pattern to the position of the individual
Clumped distributions
Spacing between plants small or large
Uniform distributions
type that occurs in orchards and tree plantations
Allelochemics
Chemicals that inhibit other plants
Allelopathy
The inhibition of other plants
Age Distribution; Demography
Demography
the relative proportions of the young, middle-aged, and old individuals
Generation Time
Time from birth of one individual to the birth of the first offspring from that individual
Biotic potential
number of offspring produced by an individual that actually live long enough to reproduce under ideal conditions
Carrying capacity
number of individuals that can live in an a particular ecosystem
r- and K-Selection
r- Selection
r- selected species
annuals or small shrubby perennials, the distributed habitat gradually changes back into a crowded one not suited for r- pioneers
K- selection
Long lived conifers such as redwoods, Douglas firs and bristle-cone pines are good examples
The Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
Physiognomic structure
Physical size and shape of the organism and their distribution in relation to each other and to the physical environment
Life Forms
Means of surviving stress
Temporal Structure
Temporal Structure
changes that an ecosystem undergoes with time
Species Composition
Species composition
refers to the number of and diversity of species that coexist in an ecosystem
Trophic Levels
Trophic levels
basically feeding levels
Primary produces
first step of any food web
Primary consumers
sometimes call secondary producers
secondary consumers
herbivores are preyed on by carnivores
Energy Flow
energy moved down the cycle from producer to consumer and so on
Carbon flow
Same as energy flow
