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Populations and Ecosystems (Structure of Ecosystems (Trophic Levels…
Populations and Ecosystems
Plants and Habitats
Habitat
Where Animal Completes Life Cycle
Debated on What is a Part of It
Operational Habitat
Factors that Directly Affect Plants
Abiotic
Nonliving
Physical Phenomona
Biotic
Living Factors
Plant Itself
Other Plants
Animals, Fungi, Etc
Abiotic Components
Climate
Live In Weather Suited to Them
Extreme Temperatures Are Important
Moisture Plays a Role
Tolerance Range
Between Extreme Temperatures
Soil Factors
Soil Formed By Breakdown of Rock
Pioneers
First Plants to Invade New Soil
A Horizon
Uppermost Soil Layer
Zone of Leaching
Litter and Debris
B Horizon
Zone of Deposition
Materials from A Accumulate
Rich in Nutrients, Clay, Humus
C Horizon
Parent Rock and Rock Fragments
Latitude and Altitude
Latitude
Days Vary At Different Locations
Altitude
Higher Has High Winds and Poor Soil
High Not Fully Shielded by Ozone
Disturbance
Fires, Avalanches, Floods, ETC.
Significant, Radical Change in Ecosystem
Little Impact on Abiotic Factors
Some can Benefit from These
Biotic Components
The Plant Itself
Can Modify the Habitat
Gives More Shade
Other Plants
Mutualism
Both Plants Are Beneficial to Each Other
Competition
Plants Are Disadvantageous to Each Other
Use Same Supplies
Species Modification by Natural Selection
Competitive Exclusion
Less Adapted Species is Excluded
Niche
Specie's Adapted Conditions
Ecotypes
Response to Particular Ecosystem Factors
Same Species
Transplant Experiments
Test if Ecotypes are Existing
Plants are Switching Sites
Common Garden
Plants from Both Sites Grow Together
Non-Plants
Animals
Frugivores
Fruit-Eating Animals
Seed Dispersal
Commensal Relationships
One Species Benefits
Other is Left Unaffected
Birds Nesting in Trees
Predation
One Species Benefits
Other Is Harmed
Herbivores
Plant-Eating Animals
Pathogenic
Disease that Kills Plants
Fungi
Prokaryotes
Structure of Populations
Geographic Distribution
Boundaries
Limiting Factor
Determines the Health of the Plant
All Aspects of Interactions with Environment
Any Factor can be the Limiting
Water, Sunlight, ETC
Biotic Factors are Critical
Soil Factors
Local Distribution
Random Distribution
No Identifiable Pattern in Individual's Position
No Predictive Value
Clumped Distribution
Small or Large Spacing Between Plants
Result of Many Factors
Uniform Distributions
Individuals are Evenly Spaced
Not Extremely Common
Allochemicals
Allopathy
Age Distribution: Demography
Demography
Proportions of Young, Middle-Aged, and Old
Generation Time
Length of Time From Birth to Having Offspring
Biotic Potential
Intrinsic Rate of Natural Increase
Number of Offspring Produced by Individual Who Can Reproduce
Measured Under Ideal Conditions
Carrying Capacity
Number that can Live in an Ecosystem
R- and K- Selection
r-Selection
Usually a Result of a Disturbance
r-Selected Species
Annuals or Small Shrubby Perennials
Become Disadvantaged
k-Selection
k-Selected Species
Douglas Firs and Bristle-Cone Pines
Face Intense Competition
Structure of Ecosystems
Physiognomic Structure
Physical Size and Shape in Relation to Environment
Life Forms
Lots of Different Variations
Temporal Structure
Changes in Ecosystem Over Time
Can Be Short or Long
Plants Change Drastically
Over Time Ecosystem Undergoes Change
Species Composition
Number and Diversity of Species
Depends on Climate, Soil, and Tolerance Ranges
Trophic Levels
Primary Consumers
Preyed on by Carnivores
Herbivores
Secondary Consumers
Eat Herbivores
Primary Producers
Energy and Food for Herbivores
First Step of Food Webs
Autotrophs
Decomposers
Fungi and Bacteria
Break Down Remains
Energy Flow
Movement of Energy Up the Levels
Carbon Flow
