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Developing American Identity 1820-1880 (Religion/Utopian Society…

- - - - Horace Mann keading advocate
      - As secretary of the board of Massachusetts Board of Education, Horace worked for compulsory attendance and increased teacher preparation
      - In 1840s, the movement for public education lead to other states
    - - Williams McGuffey, a Pennsylvania teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks to teach morality and the kinds of behavior needed in an emerging industrial society
      - Against the Protestant tone to public schools, Roman Catholics founded private schools
    - - The religious enthusiasm of the Second Great Awakening helped fuel the growth of private colleges
      - Protestant denominations founded small denominational colleges in the beginning of the 1830s and soon after began to admit women
- - - - The idea of transporting freed slaves to an African colony was first tried in 1817 by the Society
      - Between 1820-1860, only 12,000 African Americans were settled in Africa, while the slave population grew by 2.5 million
    - - 1831, William Garrison started the abolitionist newspaper called the Liberator, marking the beginning of the radical abolitionist movement
      - This advocated for immediate abolition of slavery everywhere without compensating the slaveowners
      - In 1833, Garrison and others founded the American Antislavery Society.
      - Condemned the Constitution as a proslavery topic
      - Argued for "no Union with slaveholders"
    - - Garrison's radicalism lead to a split in the abolitionist movement
      - The Liberty Party believed that a political action and through legal means was more practical route to reform than Garrison's moral crusade
      - The Liberty Party was found in 1840 with James Birney as president
    - - David Walker and Henry Garnet advocated for more radical solutions
      - They thought slaves should take action and start uprisings
      - Virginia Slave, Nat Turner lead a revolt that killed 55 whites
        
        Whites then killed hundreds of Blacks in a brutal fashion
    - - Frederick advocated for both political and direct action to end slavery
      - Escaped and free slaves were the most outspoken and convincing
      - Frederick Douglass often spoke of the brutality and degradation through first hand accounts
      - Other leaders were Harriet Tubman, David Ruggles, Sojourner Truth and William Still
      - They helped to assist fugitive slaves to escape to the North or Canada, where slavery was outlawed
- - - - Many women resented the way men relegated them to secondary roles in the movement and prevented them from taking part fully in policy discussions
      - Two sisters, Sarah and Angelina Grimké, objected male opposition to their antislavery activities
      - Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cody Stanton began campaigning for women’s rights after they had been barred from speaking at an antislavery convention
    - - In the cities, men’s jobs went from being moral leaders to jobs outside of the home, so they were absent a lot of the time.
      - As a result, women who remained in the house , took charge of the household and children
      - The Idealized view of women as moral leaders in the home was called the cult of domesticity
    - - The leading feminists met at Seneca Falls, NY. At the conclusion of their convention( the first women’s rights convention in American history) they issued a document closely modeled after the Declaration of Independence. Their Declaration of Sentiments decalered that all men and women are created equal and listed grevinces that discriminated against them