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Developing American Identify 1820-1880 (A B O L I T I O N M O V E M E N…
Developing American Identify 1820-1880
T E M P E R A N C E
Temperance crusade was the most widespread
Religious concern
Affects body and mind
Affect on workforce
Relations between drinking and poverty
Suffering of mothers and chilren
American Society for the Promotion of Temperance
Lectures, press campaigns, essay contests, local and state societies
Those who took pledge put "T" by signature (teetotaler)
Asserted that liquor traffic was morally wrong
Called fro abstinence of all alcohol... too bold and lost popularity
Was the goal moderation or total abstinence? (Internal tensions)
Demand for prohibition led to more regulations
Limit to amount that could be sold at a time
Most laws were poorly drafted and vulnerable to court challenge
Per capita consumption decreased
A B O L I T I O N M O V E M E N T
EARLY OPPOSITION TO SLAVERY
Efforts to weaken or abolish slavery gathered momentum
American Colonization Society (1817) = first organized emancipation movement
wanted to return free slaves to Africa
James Madison, James Monroe, Henry Clay, John Marshall, Daniel Webster
Reasons for support
Some opposed slavery
Others saw it as a way to strengthen slavery by getting rid of all the troublesome blacks
Free blacks claimed that US was their native land
FROM GRADUALISM TO ABOLITIONISM
Methods of gradual end to slavery
Prohibiting slavery in new western territories
Encouraging owners to free slaves by act of manumission
William Lloyd Garrison of Boston launched a anti slavery newspaper,
The Liberator
This angered whites and caused them to started criticizing him
Garrison = nation's fervent, principled, unyielding foe of slavery
Established New England Anti-Slavery Society
His group were composed of evangelical Christians and Whigs
Tappans, Garrison, group of Quaker reformers, black activitsts, evangelicals organized the American Anti-Slavery Society, financed by the Tappans, created national network of newspapers, offices, chapters, activites
Radical figure: David Walker
Denounced hypocrisy of Christians in slave holding S. endorsing the practice of race-based human bondage
American Anti-Slavery Society wanted to convince people that slavery was a crime against God
Promoted immediate abandonment of slavery
A SPLIT IN THE MOVEMENT
Other reformers saw American society as basically ideal and concentrated on ending slavery
Grimke sisters brought issue of women's rights to center stage
Their behavior started Congregational clergy of Massachusetts to chastise sisters for engaging in unfeminine activity
Angelina Grimke opposed cult of domesticity and believed in woman's right to have voice in law
There was debate over anti-slavery tactics
Garrisonians felt like American society was corrupt from top to bottom
supported abolition, temperence, pacifism, women's rights, social and legal rights for blacks
Garrison refused to vote and opposed the Constitution
BLACK ANTI-SLAVERY ACTIVITY
African American leaders were active in white societies from the beginning
Frederick Douglass
Narrative of Life of Frederick Douglass
Started North Star, an abolitionist paper"
Famous black man
Sojourner Truth: intersection of abolitionism and women's rights
Underground Railroad: system of secret routes and safe stopping places that held runaways and helped them to freedom
Harriet Tubman: risked everything to go back to South 19 times and help 300 slaves escape
REACTIONS TO ABOLITIONISM
Pro-slavery elements lurked in the North
1817: mob in Illinois killed anti slavery editor, Elijah Lovejoy: martyr for abolition and free press
1830: Congress was deluged w/ abolition petitions and then it was voted to ignore them
1840: Abolitionist national convention in New York
Launched Liberty Party: James Birney nominated for president
THE DEFENSE OF SLAVERY
Hostility and aggressive defense of slavery grew in S. as the abolitionist movement grew
Christian churches were pro slavery in south
Formation of South Baptist Convention and Methodist Episcopal Church (split)
Racial inferiority of blacks
Slavery was socially necessary (Jefferson's Notes on the State of Virginia)
Slavery was profitable
Blacks could not assimilate into free society
They would be dangerous to themselves and others
They were too shiftless and improvident
White workers feared competition
E D U C A T I O N
Most children learned to read in church or private schools, from tutors, or from families
EARLY PUBLIC SCHOOLS
Demand for public schools was in its peak during the 1830's
Horace Mann led early drive for statewide school system
North Carolina led way to state supported education in the South
Conditions of public schools was not ideal
Mann sponsored creation of state board of education and served it as its leader
Funds were insufficient for buildings, books, and equipment; teachers were poorly paid and often poorly prepared
HIGHER EDUCATION
Post Revolutionary proliferation of colleges continued
Desire for state supported universities flourished in the south
Federal policy abetted spread of universities in the west
Coexistence of religious and state colleges conflicted
Technical education grew slowly
Elementary school for girls was accepted, but nothing beyond that
West gave the greatest impetus to coeducation
R E L I G I O N / U T O P I A N S O C I E T Y
R E L I G I O N
UNITARIANISM
Man too good for God
Flourished w/ congregational churches
William Ellery Clanning = leader
Literary men, elites, professors, elite wealthy
Emphasized oneness and benevolence of God, inherent goodness of mankind primacy of reason
and conscience over established creeds and confessions
Spin off from less extreme Puritanism of past
Humans have
free will
and possibility of
salvation by good works
God is not stern Creator, but a loving Father
Contrast w/ hellfire doctrines of Calvinism
Reject Predestination
and human wickedness
UNIVERSALISM
Stressed salvation of all men and women, not just predestined few, God was merciful
Good is too good for man
Working class
John Murray = founder of 1st univeralist church
2ND GREAT AWAKENING
Great revival sparked in 1800 due to fear of rising secularism
Timothy Dwight tried to purify by launching revivals that captivated Yale students
Americans remained religious despite impact of rationalism
Frontier Revivals
Second Great Awakening gave rise to new institution: camp meeting
Presbyterians gained from Plan of Union, worked out in 1801 w/ Congregationalists of Connecticut and other states
Baptists embraced simplicity that appealed to common people of frontier
Methodists established more centralized church structure; developed most effective evangelical method: minister of horseback
Camp meetings drew large crods
The Mormons
Burned over district gave rise to Mormons
Smith began forming his own church
Mormons were subjected to abuse- they migrated from state to state, settled in Illinois (Nauvoo)
Brigham Young succeeded Joseph Smith
End of 1848, Mormons had developed efficient irrigation system, brought life to the desert
The Burned Over District
Western New York experienced intense levels of evangelical activity- burned over district
Charles Finney the preacher transformed revivals so that they were collective instead of individual
Reasons
Concern over lack of religious zeal
Ideas of Deism and Unitarianism
Wave of revivals
Frontier "camp meetings"
Charles Finney
Many citizens
converted
New religious sects formed
Methodists and Baptists huge increase in numbers
Democratic
control of church affairs
Emotionalism
in worship
DEISM: God planned universe, built it and set in into motion, then left it to its own fate
Calvinism is now more optimistic
Puritan churches were most vulnerable to logic of Enlightenment
Less revelation, more
reliance on reason
Less Bible,
more science
Believed in God who gave human beings the capacity for moral behavior
Religious belief and social idealism leads to reform
UTOPIAN SOCIETY
Pursuit of Utopian societies endured
Shakers (United Society of Believers in Christ's 2nd Appearing)
Doctrine held that God was a duel personality: in Christ the masculine side was manifested; in Mother Ann, the feminine element
Governance of the colonies was concentrated in the hands of select groups chosen by "Head of Influence"
Oneida Community had different ideals
New Harmony was based on secular principle
Brook Farm in Massachusetts was most celebrated Utopian society
Utopian communities failed quickly, with some exceptions
W O M E N
Reform efforts gave middle-class women a chance to enter public life
Gender roles
Economic production was separate from home
Cult of domesticity provided freedom from outside world for women
Official status for women remained the same
Gradual protest for women's rights
Protest originated in 1840 when antislavery split into women
Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton
Seneca Falls Convention issued Declaration of Sentiments- proclaimed women and men are created equal
Annual conventions were held
Women did not gain right to vote but won some legal gains