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Pneumonia ((Pathophysiology, • Organism enters the upper airway and…
Pneumonia
Pathophysiology
• Organism enters the upper airway and multiplies in the epithelium
• gel-like substance forms
• substance consolidates in lower airway
• inflammation occurs and involves the alveoli
• it starts simultaneously in several areas, producing patchy, diffuse consolidation
Incidence
• affects both sexes and all ages.
• men appear to be affected more commonly
• Mycoplasma pneumonia is believed to be the most common
• Community-acquired pneumonia is very common in adults over age 65
Nursing diagnosis
• Ineffective Airway Clearance r/t Decreased energy AEB Changes in rate, depth of respirations
• Impaired Gas Exchange r/t Altered delivery of oxygen AEB Hypoxia
• Risk for Imbalanced Nutrition Less Than Body Requirements r/t certain aerosol treatments
Diagnostics
Cbc w/ differential
Blood cultures
Abg’s
Sputum culture
Chest Xray
Bronchoscopy
Medical Surgical Managment
Maintain patent airway
Chest physiotherapy
Swallow evaluation
VTE prophylaxis
NPO (in case of aspiration from impaired swallowing)
High -calorie, high protein diet,
Repositioning to prevent aspiration, early mobilization
IV fluids
Etiology
Causes: aspiration pneumonia, bacterial and viral pneumonia, mycoplasma pneumonia,
Risk Factors: advance age, impaired gag reflex, immobility, history of smoking, alcoholism.
nursing assessment
Sputum production
Suptum production
Dullness over the affected area
crackles, wheezing, ronchi
Decreased breath sounds
Decreased fremitus
Tachypnea
Use of accessory muscles
Diminished gag reflex (aspiration pneumonia)
Orthopnea
Myalgia
Pharyngitis
Bradycardia, tachycardia
Tracheal deviation
Pleural friction rub
Rhinitis
medications
Antibiotics
Piperacillin
Antiviral agents
Humidified O2
Antitussives
Antipyretics/analgesics
Bronchodilatorlators
IV fluids
Glucocorticoids