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THINKING AND LANGUAGE (other animals (Language (Chimpanzee can learn sign…

- - - - eg arranging 6 matchsticks into 4 equilateral triangles - ppl tend to think in 2D (stuck), but saying to think in 3D helps free us from mental set
  - - - influenced economics - buyers and sellers of stock both overconfident in bet
      - feed extreme political views: the less people are educated, the more immoderate their views are
      - planning fallacy: underestimated time and money needed to execute a plan
  - - - frame in numbers (millions) instead of percentage (2%)
      - positive frame/negative frame eg 5% die or 95% live
    - - opt out or opt in system to organ donation
      - automatic enrollment to retirement plan
      - people oppose carbon tax but support carbon offset fee
- - - - russian: light blue and darkblue distinction
      - english: blue and green blue
      - we all see same color ut ability to quickly identify color as something is influenced
    - - some languages are gendered affects how people perceive the noun eg spanish masc. bridge vs german fem. bridge
    - - Piraha: " fewer than expected", "more than expected", "as expected" - can they do math
    - - mayans only need abs - so learnt NSEW identification
        
        capable of coding egocentric eg spin them on chair and ask to identify box direction use relative
      - Indoors - stimulus and recall is in relative order, Outdoors - stimulus and recall in abs order, Indoors with windows opened - half/half
- - - - affect more if event recalled is distinct, vivid or recent
      - causes irrational fear (eg fear of sharks) and distort judgement (eg racism)
      - eg " are there more words that have k as first letter than k as third letter?" - most answer k as first letter because the most available examples are k as first bc that's how humans categorize words
      - eg " if travel to middle east, should we be more afraid of terrorist attack or traffic accident?" - most answer terrorist attacks because it is most available in media, hence in our heads
      - Media influences this a lot
        
        bc they sensationalize unlikely events: vivid, emotional
        
        if source is inaccurate and we are commonly exposed to it, availability heuristics heavily skews judgement eg people believe in voter fraud
    - - eg if someone falls into a category
        
        Linda: described to be phil major and fight for racial equality
        
        ppl think she is a bankteller and a feminist, and not just bank teller because she fits in the stereotype of a feminist and not really a typical bank teller
      - eg misconception of chance
        
        people think chance has to look random
        
        In coin toss, people think HTHTTH is more likely than HHHTTT and HHHHTH
        
        Hot Hand Illusion: concept in basketball that probability of hit after hit is greater than hit after miss
        
        actually depends on the player's shooting percentage/ how good of a shooter they are, bc these players are at their prime, so shooting more doesn't improve shooting anymore
        
        proshots can be predicted like coin toss (50%)
        
        you can get streaks even with independent events
    - - the way a question is posed skews your answer/ seeing first info posed steers your estimate nearer to that info
      - numbers: if anchor "how long is Mississippi river" by saying more or less than 500 vs more or less than 5000 miles, then it changes the average answer a person estimates
      - Fundamental Attribution Error: anchor info on attribution to a person's characteristics, so people fail to correct for situation
- - - - eg th, ch, t, a
      - english uses around 40/869, estimates accounting for accents
      - consonants carry more meaning than vowels
    - - eg the, -ed, -s
      - include prefixes and suffixes as well
    - - semantics: rules that guide in deriving meaning from sounds
      - syntax: order of words in a sentence
  - - - 4m - recognize speech sounds, 6m- recognize object names, 7m- can segment spoken sound into individual words
    - - babbling: spontaneously utter sounds unrelated to household language
        
        4m-gibberish,10m-start to resemble speech
        
        after this, lose ability to hear other phonemes
      - one word stage
        
        1yo-1/week, 18m-1/day
      - two word stage
        
        2yo
        
        resemble telegraphic speech: noun+verb
        
        follows syntax - order of word allows sensible meaning eg want juice
      - rapid development into complete sentences - 24m+
  - - - noun/verb identified
      - vowels
      - read stories of motor experience
      - diff for native and second language
    - - suggests language not localized