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Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord (Spinal Cord (Conus…
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Cerebrum
Areas
Broca
: located in the left hemisphere ; controls motor movements of speech
Wernicke
: speech comprehension; ability to name objects and read words
Postcentral Gyrus
: primary somatisensory cortex (skin, muscle joints - proprioception)
Tracts
Association Fibers:
connects different parts of the same hemisphere (short fibers)
Commissural Fibers:
cross hemispheres from one side of the CNS to another;
corpus callosum
Projection Fibers:
run vertically b/w cortex and PNS
Precentral Gyrus
: Primary motor cortex
Lobes
Temporal Lobe:
recognition
of objects, words and faces; language
comprehension
; emotional response; auditory & olfactory cortexes; memory
Parietal Lobe:
(peripheral) conscious
awareness
of general somatic sensations;
awareness
of objects, body parts and sounds; receives sensory information and processes it;
Occipital Lobe:
visual cortex
Insula:
gustation cortex; general visceral sensations (stretch, discomfort, pain)
Frontal Lobe:
Think, plan decision-making, plan/initiate voluntary movements,
some memory
Diencephalon
Hypothalamus:
visceral (autonomic) control center
regulates body temperature, hunger & thirst, sleep/wake cycles
controls endocrine system
involved with emotion
formation of memory
controls motivated behavior for food/sex
Epithalamus:
Houses pineal gland which secretes melatonin based on signals from hypothalamus
Thalamus:
several nuclei
relay station for all sensory ins except olfaction
signals can be amplified/dulled
Cerebellum
smooth and coordinate body movements
maintains posture and equilibrium
Cerebellar Peduncles
Middle
: efferent
Inferior
: afferent
Superior
: efferent
Spinal Cord
Conus Medullaris
: tapered end of spinal cord @ L1 or L2
Cervical and lumbar enlargements
due to greater quantity of nerves going to/from limbs
Filum terminale
fibrous C.T. that anchors spinal cord to coccyx
Cauda equina
: (horse's tail) collection of nerve roots
Ventral roots
: visceral and somatic motor
motor
Dorsal roots
: visceral and somatic
sensory
CNS Protection
Dural sinuses
: formed where dura mater periosteal and meningeal layers meet
Subarachnoid space
: space between arachnoid mater and pia mater - web like threads hold them together; filled with CSF
Epidural space
: Spinal cord - filled with fat
Meninges
Arachnoid mater
: subarachnoid space filled with cerebral spinal fluid
pia mater
: shrink wrapped to brain; very vascular/capillary-rich
Dura mater
: strongest meninge- most superficial; periosteal layer and meningeal layer
Brain Stem
Pons
:
Middle cerebral peduncle:
connects cerebellum to cerebral cortex
Reticular formation nuclei:
involved with autonomic behaviors
Medulla Oblongata
Cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor centers
motor output through pyramidal tracts (from precentral gyrus)
Reticular formation nuclei:
involved with autonomic behaviors
decussation of the pyramids
Midbrain
Corpora Quadrigemina:
four bumps on dorsal surface of midbrain
Inferior colliculi:
auditory reflexes
Superior colliculi
: visual reflexes
Cerebral peduncles:
made of pyramidal motor tracts
from cerebrum to spinal cord