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:fire: History 1.5: crime and punishment in modern Britain (1900-present) …
:fire: History 1.5: crime and punishment in modern Britain (1900-present) :fire:
1.5.1: Nature and changing definitions of criminal activity
1.5.1.1: Continuity and change in the nature of crimes against the person, property and authority
continuity and change in the nature of crimes against the person
Continuity: rape, assault and murder are still crimes
Change: growth in overall recorded crimes (probably due to better record keeping), less than 5% of crimes involve violence, rate of sexual crimes increase (probably due to more people reporting it)
Continuity and change in the nature of crimes against property
Continuity: crimes about damaging property continued to exist , theft is still the most common crime
Change: less than 50% of crimes involve small-scale theft, growth in overall recorded crimes (probably due to better record keeping), motivation for theft may have changed
Continuity and change in crimes against authority
Continuity: smuggling is still a crime
Change: more crimes against authority, terrorism has increased, crimes that create a dangerous situation (speeding etc) were introduced
1.5.1.2: Changing definitions of crime including driving offences, race crimes and drug crimes
Continuity: drug crimes, e-crimes and terrorism are all old crimes in a new form
Hate crimes, conscientious objection and driving offences don't have pre-1900 equivalents
1.5.2: The nature of law enforcement and punishements
1.5.2.1: Continuity and change in the definitions of law enforcement
Continuity and change in law enforcement by the authorities
Continuity: Travelling Judges, Justices of the Peace, the army and the police are all still used
Change: Specialised police units were introduced (drugs squad, firearms units etc), Using CCTV, forensic evidence and computers to catch criminals, More emphasis was put on prevention (neighbourhood watch, patrolling officers etc)
Continuity and change in community law enforcement
Continuity: Like in the 18th-19th century, not much law enforcement was done by the community
Change: Neighbourhood watch was set up and the 'Prevent' counter-terrorism strategy was set up
Continuity and change in harsh punishments as deterrents
Continuity: prisons are still considered harsh to deter reoffenders
Change: there is less and less emphasis on deterrence
1.5.2.3: Specialisation of the police force
Criminal Investigations Department
Set up in 1877, their job is to solve crimes
Firearms Branch
Deals with armed criminals and some terrorist threats
National Crime Agency
Deals with serious/organised crime like drug trafficking
Drug Squads
Investigate and carry out raids on drug dealers
National Fraud Intelligence Unit
Deal with large-scale fraud and cyber crime
Special Branch
Deals with threats to national security (eg terrorism) and works closely with MI5
Traffic Department
Deal with driving offences like speeding and drink driving
Royal and Diplomatic Branch
Looks after the royal family and foreign diplomats
Dog Handlers
Uses dogs to detect drugs, bombs etc
Community Support Officers
Deal with anti-social behaviour
1.5.2.4: Abolition of the death penalty
Key cases
Ruth Ellis (executed 1955)
Timothy Evans (executed 1950
Executed for the murder of his wife and child. Pressured into confessing by the police but was eventually proven that he was innocent. Unfortunately he had already been hanged
Derek Bentley (executed 1953)
1.5.3: Case studies: conscientious objectors and Derek Bentley